Immunoblots of caspases, calpains, and their substrates in RPE cells cultured with A2E. (Lane 1) initial, (lane 2) 12-hour normal, (lane 3) 12-hour 25 μM A2E, (lane 4) 1-day normal, (lane 5) 1-day 25 μM A2E, (lane 6) 2-day normal, and (lane 7) 2-day 25 μM A2E. (A) Caspase-3, (B) calpain 1, (C) calpain 2, (D) α-spectrin, and (E) β-actin. Bar graphs show the densities of α-spectrin fragments at (F) 145 kDa (calpain-specific) and at (G) 120-kDa (caspase-3-specific) normalized to β-actin. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3). *P < 0.05 relative to the corresponding normal group (Dunnett's t-test).