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(A) Hypoxia-induced cell death in RPE cells is due only to activation of calpains. (B) Proposed pathway leading to A2E–induced cell death due to activation of caspase-3, -7, and -9, and calpains. Solid lines show the pathways confirmed in present study, blue lines show the pathways reported in the literature. Caspases-8 and -12 were not activated by either hypoxia or A2E.
