Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors for underestimation (N = 55,126).
| Characteristics | Unadjusted | Adjusted† |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 4.40 (4.21–4.59)* | 5.26 (4.98–5.57)* |
| Women | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Age (y) | ||
| 19–29 | 0.62 (0.60–0.65)* | 0.74 (0.70–0.78)* |
| 30–39 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Education level | ||
| ≤ High school | 1.21 (1.15–1.26)* | 1.21 (1.15–1.28)* |
| ≥ College | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.41 (1.36–1.46)* | 1.59 (1.50–1.68)* |
| Single | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | 1.66 (1.59–1.73)* | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) |
| Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Smoking status | ||
| Currently smoking | 2.62 (2.50–2.74)* | 1.13 (1.07–1.20)* |
| Ex-smoker | 2.73 (2.55–2.92)* | 1.15 (1.06–1.24)* |
| Non-smoker | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| Currently drinking | 1.36 (1.24–1.48)* | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) |
| Ex-drinker | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 1.25 (1.10–1.42)* |
| Non-drinker | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Breakfast consumption (d/w) | ||
| ≤ 4 | 1.00 (1.00–1.04) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) |
| ≥ 5 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Sleep duration (h/d) | ||
| ≤ 5 | 1.71 (1.53–1.90)* | 1.15 (1.01–1.30)* |
| 6–8 | 1.54 (1.40–1.70)* | 1.13 (1.01–1.26)* |
| ≥ 9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Perception of stress | ||
| Yes | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Perception of depression | ||
| Yes | 0.80 (0.73–0.87)* | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) |
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Perceived health status | ||
| Good | 1.24 (1.13–1.35)* | 1.25 (1.12–1.38)* |
| Average | 1.26 (1.15–1.38)* | 1.32 (1.18–1.46)* |
| Poor | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Physical activity | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99)* |
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
|
| ||
| Weight control behavior | ||
| Yes | 1.45 (1.39–1.52)* | 2.05 (1.95–2.16)* |
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
*
p<0.05.
†
Adjusted for gender, age, education level, marital status, employment status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, depression, perceived health status, and weight control behavior.
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.