Table 4. Factors associated with change in QoL (n=1,165).

Variable		Univariable		Multivariable
		Mean±SD	p*	Β	p†
Age (years)		−0.0152§	0.598∥	−0.00011	0.856
BMI (kg/m2)		−0.0116§	0.691∥
Sex			0.367	−0.01695	0.221
	Female (Ref.)	0.03±0.19
	Male	0.05±0.23
Left ABI		−0.0610§	0.115∥
Right ABI		−0.0478§	0.215∥
Current smoker			0.115
	No (Ref.)	0.03±0.20
	Yes	0.05±0.19
Comorbidities/treatment history			0.515	−0.00869	0.756
	No (Ref.)	0.05±0.16
	Yes	0.04±0.20
Pharmacotherapy			0.006	0.05053	0.044
	No (Ref.)	−0.01±0.14
	Yes	0.04±0.20
Revascularization			0.095	0.01962	0.098
	No (Ref.)	0.03±0.19
	Yes	0.05±0.21
Exercise			0.143
	No (Ref.)	0.04±0.20
	Yes	0.02±0.19
Amputation			0.240
	No (Ref.)	0.04±0.19
	Yes	0.09±0.32
Fontaine stage‡			<0.001	0.04448	<0.001
	Deteriorated/maintained stage II–III (Ref.)	0.01±0.21
	Improved/maintained stage I	0.06±0.19
Smoking			0.100
	Smoking cessation/continue non-smoking (Ref.)	0.03±0.21
	Start smoking/continue smoking	0.05±0.18

Reference variable for multivariable analysis (Ref.).

ABI = ankle-brachial index; BMI = body mass index; FU = follow-up; SD = standard deviation; QoL = quality of life.

^*p value by Student's t-test unless otherwise indicated; ^†p value by multiple linear regression model, with age, gender and other variables with p<0.1 from univariable analysis were included; however, variables with significant missing values (PAD risk factor modifications, clinical characteristics after 6 months) were not included; ^‡Change of Fontaine stage from baseline to 6-month follow-up; Improved: at least 1 stage lower from baseline to 6-month FU or constant stage at stage I, Deteriorated: at least 1 stage higher after 6 months from baseline or constant stage at stage IIa, IIb, III, IV; ^§Pearson's correlation coefficient; ^∥Pearson's correlation analysis.