Table 3.
Demography, and anthropometric and metabolic outcomes at 7-year follow-up in children born to mother who exercised in pregnancy or to control mothers.
| Control | Exercise | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 24 | 33 | ||
| Demography | Age (years) | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 0.69 |
| Sex ratio (males) | 42% | 64% | 0.42 | |
| Ethnicity (European) | 92% | 73% | 0.10 | |
| Anthropometry | Weight (kg) | 26.9 (25.3, 28.4) | 26.5 (25.4, 27.6) | 0.68 |
| Height (cm) | 129.6 (126.8, 132.4) | 128.3 (126.3, 130.3) | 0.40 | |
| Height SDS – MPHSDS | 0.47 (−0.07, 1.01) | 0.24 (−0.13, 0.62) | 0.44 | |
| BMI SDS | 0.14 (−0.26, 0.54) | 0.12 (−0.16, 0.40) | 0.92 | |
| Body composition | Total body fat (%) | 15.3 (12.7, 18.0) | 18.5 (16.6, 20.4) | 0.034 |
| Android fat (%) | 17.5 (13.9, 21.08) | 21.6 (19.0, 24.2) | 0.040 | |
| Gynoid fat (%) | 28.0 (24.9, 31.0) | 31.4 (29.2, 33.7) | 0.042 | |
| Android fat to gynoid fat ratio | 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) | 0.67 (0.62, 0.73) | 0.20 | |
| Blood pressure | Systolic (mmHg) | 96.0 (89.7, 102.3) | 101.8 (97.1, 106.5) | 0.09 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 58.0 (53.3, 62.8) | 59.4 (55.9, 62.9) | 0.60 | |
| Glucose homeostasis | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.16 (4.90, 5.42) | 4.85 (4.64, 5.06) | 0.037 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 7.98 (5.36, 11.89) | 6.40 (4.63, 8.85) | 0.32 | |
| HOMA-IR | 1.82 (1.18, 2.81) | 1.38 (0.97, 1.96) | 0.25 | |
| Lipid profile | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.21 (4.77, 5.65) | 5.04 (4.68, 5.40) | 0.49 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.71 (1.55, 1.87) | 1.68 (1.55, 1.81) | 0.69 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.31 (2.83, 3.79) | 3.19 (2.80, 3.58) | 0.67 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.75 | |
BMI, body mass index; BMI SDS, body mass index standard deviation score; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MPHSDS, mid-parental height standard deviation score; SDS, standard deviation score.
Age data are means ± standard deviations; other data are means and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for confounding factors in multivariable models, namely maternal age and ethnicity, child’s sex and age, as well as one of the following: (i) MPHSDS for height; (ii) maternal BMI at trial baseline for weight, BMI SDS, and body composition; and (iii) child’s height for blood pressure.