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. 2018 Aug 27;8:12838. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31038-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Average listener ERP to expected and unexpected words. The ERP response within the listener is indicated in (a) following the onset of the unexpected (red) or expected (black) word. Responses were averaged across central-parietal electrodes P7, P3, Pz, PO2, P4, P8, CPz, C3, Cz, and C4, as indicated by the plot on the upper left. The gray bars at 270 and 680 ms indicate the minimum and maximum peaks identified from the overall average, and the adjacent topographic maps indicate the difference (unexpected minus expected) in average amplitudes across electrodes at each time point. The boxplots indicate the distribution of individual differences (unexpected minus expected) in ERP responses for the minimum (b) and maximum (c) peaks. These values significantly differed from zero for the negative peak (p = 0.001) but did not reach statistical significance for the positive peak (p = 0.383). The width of shading around the red and black lines represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean. Within (d) the average ERP is indicated for Cz, CPz, Pz, and P0z electrodes (see topographic plot) for the expected (in black) and unexpected (in red) conditions. The width of shading around the red and black lines represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean.