Fig. 1.
Late step of HIV-1 replication in macrophages triggers immune activation. a Flow cytometry profiles (CD169 expression and intracellular p24Gag) of MDMs 6 days post infection with replication competent HIV-1 at MOI of 1. b, c Effects of HIV-1 inhibitors on CD169 expression (b) and IP-10 production (c) in MDMs. MDMs were treated with drugs prior to infection (maraviroc, AZT or raltegravir) or post infection (flavopiridol and indinavir) with replication competent HIV-1 as described in a. d Temporal expression of IFN-β mRNA in MDMs. MDMs were infected with a single-round HIV-1 (Lai∆envGFP/G) at MOI of 2 and cells were harvested on day 1, 2, and 3 post infection for mRNA extraction. e–g Effect of B18R on CD169 expression (e), IP-10 production (f), and HIV-1 infection (g) in MDMs. MDMs were infected with replication competent HIV-1 as in a and analyzed 6 days post infection. NT: untreated. The means ± SEM are shown and each symbol represents an independent experiment. Two-tailed p-values: one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer post-test (e, f) or the Dunnett’s post-test (b, c, and d) or paired t-test (g), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns: not significant