Table 1.

Definitions of key concepts.

Concept	Definitions and Observations
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)	EBM is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values (1, 2). Sackett et al. (1) state that evidence is viewed epistemologically e.g., only strong evidence (from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controled trials) can yield strong recommendations. However, Perna et al. (7) note that EBM emphasizes the use of scientific evidence regarding the most effective intervention for the “average” patient with a specific diagnosis, leading to criticism of the utility of EBM in day-to-day practice (2).
Personalized Medicine	Personalized Medicine proposes to establish clinical decisions based upon a patient's individual profile, tailoring the treatment to their characteristics and needs (4, 7). It is argued that the term “personalized” should be replaced by “precision” as the former term may also be used e.g., in psychotherapy to describe the formulation of an individual's problems or as a generic term referring to clinical management (i.e., it does not specify the links to pathophysiological mechanisms).
Precision Medicine	The Precision Medicine Initiative defined precision medicine as “an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that considers individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person” (4).
Stratified Medicine	Stratified medicine focuses on the identification of biomarkers or psychological tests to stratify patients in smaller treatment relevant subgroups. Wium-Andersen et al. (3) note that, unlike precision medicine, stratification does not require complete understanding of the etiology of the underlying illness and that it may coexist alongside conventional diagnostic systems, where patients are first diagnosed and later stratified into putative treatment subgroups.