Figure 1.

Function of succinate in hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. Palmitate decreased the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, thereby increasing succinate in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Increased cytoplasmic succinate goes out the cells and bind to GPR91 and activating hepatic stellate cells or regulate the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and inflammation of hepatic stellate cells. SIRT3 activator or metformin or fibroblast growth factor 21 may regulates the hepatic stellate cells.