Table 1.
Serum and CSF cytokines, chemokines, and trophic factors.
| Factor | Factor abbreviation | Function class | Systemic actions* | CNS actions* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Granulocyte colony stimulating factor | G-CSF | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neuro-protection |
| Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor | GM-CSF | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neuro-protection |
| Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | IL-1RA | Cytokine | Adhesion | Neuro-protection |
| Interleukin-1beta | IL-1β | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-2 | IL-2 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neuro-protection |
| Interleukin-4 | IL-4 | Cytokine | Anti-Inflammatory | Anti-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-5 | IL-5 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-6 | IL-6 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-9 | IL-9 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-10 | IL-10 | Cytokine | Anti-Inflammatory | Neuro-protection |
| Interleukin-12, p70 | IL-12p70 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-injury |
| Interleukin-13 | IL-13 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-injury |
| Interleukin-15 | IL-15 | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-17a | IL-17a | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Tumor necrosis factor-alpha | TNF-α | Cytokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neurodegeneration |
| Eosinophil chemotactic protein | Eotaxin | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Anti-trophic |
| Interferon-gamma | IFN-γ | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Interleukin-8 | IL-8 | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-injury |
| Interferon gamma induced protein | IP-10 | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neurodegeneration |
| Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 | MCP-1 | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neurodegeneration |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha | MIP-1α | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neurodegeneration |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta | MIP-1β | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neurodegeneration |
| Platelet derived growth factor- bb | PDGF-bb | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Neuroprotection |
| Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted | RANTES | Chemokine | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-inflammatory |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor | b-FGF | Trophic | Angiogenesis | Neurotrophic |
| Interleukin-7 | IL-7 | Trophic | Pro-inflammatory | Pro-injury |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | VEGF | Trophic | Angiogenesis | Angiogenesis |
*
See reference De la Monte, et al for additional information.