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. 2018 Aug 27;9:3468. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05903-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Behavioral response of adult offspring to early termination of maternal care. a Mothers establish nests in dead broken stems and produce all offspring in a linear hollow. Mothers typically remain on the nest to guard and groom immature offspring (care) or were removed from nests (no care). b Drawings of adult offspring engaging in aggression and avoidance behaviors in circle tube arenas. Illustrations in a and b courtesy of Wyatt Shell (used with permission). c Behaviors exhibited by offspring in circle tube assay in the presence and absence of maternal care (p-values are generated from two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-tests, n = 52; whiskers show observations within 1.5 × IQR of the lower and upper quartiles)