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. 2018 Aug 27;8:12885. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31184-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a,b) Photoluminescence of perovskite films treated with different mixtures of CB and EtOH. The inset in (a) depicts the device architecture used for PL measurements. (c) Photoluminescence emission intensity evolution for different solvent treatments. Note: the colored squares in (c) match the photoluminescence spectra lines in (a) and (b). (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra after different solvent treatments and photoluminescence of the optimal CB:EtOH = 3:1 treated sample. (e) Statistical analysis of the surface coverage calculated from the SEM images of the treated thin films. (f) PV performances for PSC devices using various CB:EtOH solvent treatments.