Table 1.

Research methods or models of stress resilience.

Stress model	Subject	Model overview	References
Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)	Rodents	Experimental mice are exposed to an aggressive retired breeder CD1 mouse. After interaction the experimental mice are housed in the same cage with a perforated divider separating them from the CD1 mouse. This is a well-established protocol yielding stress-susceptible or resilient cohorts.	Krishnan et al. (2007) and Isingrini et al. (2016)
Chronic restraint stress	Rodents	The rodents are housed in a restrainer with no mobility for a short period daily and then are replaced in their home cage.	Nasca et al. (2015)
Early life stress	Rodents	Pups are separated from their parents during the first postnatal week. Paternal stress and gestational stress operate similarly, but with different separation periods.	Heim and Binder (2012) and Santarelli et al. (2017)
Chronic mild stress (CMS, unpredictable stress)	Rodents	Rodents are exposed to varying physical and psychosocial stresses, for example, shaking, cage tilting.	Suo et al. (2013) and Higuchi et al. (2016)
Learned helplessness (LH)	Rodents	A subset of animals exposed to unavoidable aversive stimuli (e.g., foot shock) develops learned helplessness, i.e., fails to escape when escape available.	Berton et al. (2007) and Brachman et al. (2016)
Use of predator odor	Rodents	Animals are exposed to predator-scent stress.	Cohen et al. (2012)
Acute stress models	Rodents	Breeding of rodent strains with markedly different responses in acute stress environments, such as the tail suspension test. These models are less directly applicable in resilience studies.	El Yacoubi et al. (2003)
Other animal models	Rodents	Comparisons across inbred lines of rats and mice, and selective breeding of rodent lines that display differential stress responses.	Crowley and Lucki (2005) and Overstreet et al. (2005)
Questionnaire investigation	Humans	Investigation of populations to uncover different resilience responses and resilience scale performances.	Hemington et al. (2017)
Psychotherapy or intervention	Humans	Exploration of suitable methods for improving adaptability using resilience interventions.	Langley et al. (2015)
Behavioral experiments and imaging technology	Humans	Evaluation and comparison of brain function while conducting various behavioral tasks relating to stress sensitivity in humans tusing non-invasive imaging technology (such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI).	Johnson et al. (2014) and Peterson et al. (2014)