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. 2018 Aug 21;12:182. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00182

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Copyright © 2018 Hou, Wang, Li, Chen, Yang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VPA rats exhibited spatial learning and memory impairment in Morris water maze test. (A) Representative swimming paths of control (left) and VPA-treated (right) rats during the probe trial session in the Morris water maze test. (B) VPA-treated rats had significantly longer escape latency to find the platform than that in control rats (**p < 0.01). (C) VPA-treated rats exhibited slower swimming speed than control rats in the place navigation test (**p < 0.01). (D) Swimming path map of control (left) and VPA-treated (right) crossing different quadrants after removing the platform in the Morris water maze test. (E) VPA rats displayed a reduced number of platform passing (**p < 0.01). (F) VPA-treated rats exhibited less time in target quadrant compared with control rats (**p < 0.01).