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Left, Endoglin promotes cardiac fibrosis by facilitating TGFβ1 and inhibiting BMP9 signaling in heart failure
Middle, Loss of BMP9 activity promotes Smad3 dominant signaling and increases cardiac fibrosis
Right, Recombinant BMP9 or neutralizing endoglin activity increases BMP9 signaling, promotes Smad1 dominant signaling and decreases cardiac fibrosis in heart failure.
