Fig. 2.

Effect of MOE, Vit C, and NaHCO₃ on HS-induced changes in the blood levels of stress hormones (cortisol and adrenaline), leptin, and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10). HS upregulated the production of stress hormones, leptin, IFN-γ, and TNF-α but downregulated IL-10 (p < 0.001). MOE, Vit C, and NaHCO₃ reversed the levels of stress hormones, leptin, and cytokines to normal in comparison to both control and HS groups. # represents the degree of significance between HS and control, while * represents the difference between treatments and HS group