E3 ubiquitin ligases. qPCR analysis of the genes encoding MuRF1 (a), atrogin-1 (b), Traf6 (c), and Nedd4 (d). In a–c, Western blot analysis was also carried out to detect the respective factors at the protein level. Data are displayed as geometric means (GEOM) ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; n = 8 (n = 4 for TA and MuRF1))