Table 1.
Demographic information, test scores, and microbiome distributions of 43 community-dwelling older adults.
| Cognitive Group M(SD) or % | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intact | Impaired | Test | df | p | |
| Demographic Variables | |||||
| Age | 64.08 ± 6.49 | 64.06 ± 9.37 | 0.01 | 41 | .99 |
| Sex (% female) | 32.0% | 33.3% | 0.01 | 11 | .93 |
| Years of education | 16.12 ± 1.83 | 14.56 ± 3.22 | 2.02 | 41 | .06 |
| Days per month consuming alcohol | 8.24 ± 10.48 | 3.33 ± 6.96 | 1.72 | 41 | .09 |
| RAPA aerobic | 6.32 ± 1.25 | 5.67 ± 1.75 | 1.43 | 41 | .16 |
| Total kcals consumed daily (g) | 1312.65 ± 336.81 | 1729.49 ± 1260.23 | 1.58 | 41 | .12 |
| Carbohydrates consumed daily (g) | 137.48 ± 42.77 | 181.74 ± 154.63 | 1.37 | 41 | .18 |
| Sugars consumed daily (g) | 82.11 ± 37.17 | 97.97 ± 82.93 | 0.84 | 41 | .40 |
| Fat consumed daily (g) | 55.52 ± 21.43 | 79.55 ±61.80 | 1.81 | 41 | .08 |
| Protein consumed daily (g) | 66.90 ± 15.98 | 79.35 ± 38.00 | 1.47 | 41 | .15 |
| Cognitive Tests | |||||
| MMSE | 29.28 ± 0.98 | 28.00 ± 1.85 | 2.95 | 41 | .005 |
| HVLT-R | |||||
| Total Learning | 51.66 ± 7.06 | 43.33 ± 17.44 | 2.16 | 41 | .04 |
| Delay Recall | 51.84 ± 8.01 | 33.71 ± 21.08 | 3.94 | 41 | <.001 |
| Recognition/Discrimination | 52.52 ± 6.60 | 42.72 ± 11.98 | 4.44 | 41 | .001 |
| RCFT | |||||
| Immediate Recall | 59.96 ± 10.58 | 40.89 ± 18.22 | 4.44 | 41 | <.001 |
| Delay Recall | 56.36 ± 10.11 | 38.06 ± 19.15 | 4.07 | 41 | <.001 |
| TMT-A | 54.46 ± 10.11 | 42.50 ± 11.41 | 3.10 | 41 | .004 |
| TMT-B | 56.21 ± 8.63 | 42.61 ± 19.91 | 3.12 | 41 | .003 |
| SCWT | |||||
| Word | 51.25 ± 5.00 | 44.28 ± 6.28 | 3.96 | 41 | <.001 |
| Color | 50.92 ± 5.30 | 43.89 ± 6.43 | 3.88 | 41 | <.001 |
| Color Word | 56.21 ± 8.63 | 44.00 ± 11.10 | 3.96 | 41 | <.001 |
| FAB | 50.64 ± 13.48 | 34.78 ± 15.51 | 3.57 | 41 | .001 |
| FAS | 57.44 ± 10.39 | 50.83 ± 13.14 | 1.84 | 41 | .07 |
| Animal Naming | 55.76 ± 9.52 | 56.03 ± 10.60 | 0.09 | 41 | .93 |
| Medical History | |||||
| Type 2 Diabetes | 4.0% | 16.7% | 1.99 | 1 | .16 |
| Cardiovasc Dis. | 12.0% | 5.5% | 0.52 | 1 | .47 |
| Hypertension | 40.0% | 38.8% | 2.29 | 1 | .32 |
| Sleep Apnea | 12.0% | 11.1% | 0.83 | 1 | .66 |
| Smoked in past week | 0.0% | 5.5% | 1.42 | 1 | .23 |
| Microbiome | |||||
| Euryarchaeota | 1.92 × 10−4 ± 6.49 × 10−4 | 2.81 × 10−4 ± 8.90 × 10−4 | 177.00 | - | .79 |
| Actinobacteria | 1.03 × 10−2 ± 1.37 × 10−2 | 7.17 × 10−3 ± 1.13 × 10−2 | 151.00 | - | .35 |
| Bacteroidetes | 2.58 × 10−1 ± 1.39 × 10−1 | 3.82 × 10−1 ± 1.24 × 10−1 | 95.00 | - | .01 |
| Chloflexi | 2.37 × 10−6 ± 1.14 × 10−5 | 0.00 | 176.00 | - | .40 |
| Cyanobacteria | 2.91 × 10−3 ± 5.71 × 10−3 | 4.59 × 10−5 ± 1.26 × 10−5 | 126.00 | - | .06 |
| Elusimicrobia | 2.66 × 10−4 ± 1.28 × 10−3 | 0.00 | 176.00 | - | .40 |
| Firmicutes | 6.48 × 10−1 ± 1.89 × 10−1 | 5.38 × 10−1 ± 1.4 × 10−1 | 102.00 | - | .02 |
| Lentisphaerae | 6.07 × 105 ± 1.35 × 10−4 | 5.62 × 10−5 ± 1.87 × 10−4 | 168.00 | - | .50 |
| Proteobacteria | 3.37 × 10−2 ± 8.20 × 10−2 | 6.24 × 10−2 ± 7.32 × 10−2 | 113.00 | - | .04 |
| Spirochaetes | 1.18 × 10−6 ± 5.67 × 10−6 | 0 | 176.00 | - | .40 |
| Synergistetes | 8.53 × 10−5 ± 3.82 × 10−4 | 2.17 × 10−5 ± 7.87 × 10−5 | 174.00 | - | .65 |
| TM7 | 1.29 × 10−5 ± 2.32 × 10−5 | 1.47 × 10−6 ± 3.04 × 10−5 | 182.00 | - | .94 |
| Tenericutes | 1.14 × 10−3 ± 2.32 × 10−3 | 6.20 × 10−4 ± 1.92 × 10−3 | 133.00 | - | .08 |
| Verrucomicrobia | 4.49 × 10−2 ± 8.79 × 10−2 | 9.25 × 10−3 ± 2.21 × 10−2 | 80.00 | - | .003 |
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
List of Abbreviations: RAPA aerobic = Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Aerobic, MMSE = Mini Mental State Exam, HVLT-R = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised, RCFT = Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Task, TMT = Trail Making Test, SCWT = Stroop Color Word Test, FAB = Frontal Assessment Battery, FAS = Verbal Association Fluency