Table 1.

Effects of attack intensity, diet quality and their interaction on the different components of fitness and defensive behaviour. (Traits with significant effects of fixed factors are noted with asterisks. *p < 0.05.)

traits	fixed factors
	diet quality	attack intensity	diet × predation
immunological costs
PO activity (n = 147, 12 families)	0.088 ± 0.275, t = 0.320, p = 0.749	0.022 ± 0.310, t = 0.071, p = 0.944	−1.256 ± 0.426, t = −2.946, p = 0.003*
encapsulation rate (n = 130, 12 families)	F1,117.23 = 0.8246, p = 0.366	F1,121.20 = 0.056, p = 0.809	F1,119.73 = 0.280, p = 0.598
costs in performance
female growth rate (n = 66, nine families)	F1,57.220 = 0.198, p = 0.658	F1,58.65 = 3.441, p = 0.069	F1,56.79 = 6.171, p = 0.016*
male growth rate (n = 89, 12 families)	F1,75.78 = 5.5685, p = 0.021*	F1,76.66 = 0.387, p = 0.536	F1,75.26 = 5.102, p = 0.027*
survival to pupal stage (n = 213, 12 families)	0.588 ± 0.593, Z = 0.991, p = 0.322	−1.608 ± 0.643, Z =−2.502, p = 0.013*	0.052 ± 0.762, Z = 0.069, p = 0.945
contribution to cooperative defence behaviour
probability to defend in groups at the age of 14–16 days (n = 451, 12 families)	−0.844 ± 0.425, Z = −1.98, p = 0.047*	−2.159 ± 0.401, Z = −5.379, p < 0.001*	1.509 ± 0.524, Z = 2.881, p = 0.004*
potency of chemical defence
volume of defensive fluid at the age of 14–16 days (n = 452, 12 families)	−0.308 ± 0.214, t = −1.438, p = 0.150	−1.486 ± 0.214, t = −6.942, p < 0.001*	0.834 ± 0.307, t = 2.716, p = 0.007*
volume of defensive fluid at the age of 21–23 days (n = 201, 12 families)	−0.242 ± 0.295, t = −0.823, p = 0.411	−1.272 ± 0.305, t = −4.165, p < 0.001*	0.310 ± 0.434, t = −4.165, p < 0.001*
monoterpene concentration at the age of 21–23 days (n = 79, 11 families)	−0.032 ± 0.298, t = −0.106, p = 0.916	−0.586 ± 0.280, t = −2.097, p = 0.036*	−0.373 ± 0.410, t = −0.911, p = 0.362
other terpene concentration at the age of 21–23 days (n = 79, 11 families)	0.121 ± 0.302, t = 0.400, p = 0.689	−0.210 ± 0.288, t = −0.729, p = 0.466	−0.378 ± 0.427, t = −0.884, p = 0.377