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. 2018 Aug 21;9:1922. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01922

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Copyright © 2018 Kahler, Nawrocki, Anandan, Vrielink and Shafer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The structure of LOS from pathogenic Neisseria spp. Shown is a predominant LOS isoform produced by the pathogenic Neisseria. The glycosidic α, β, and γ chains are attached to a conserved core of heptose (Hep) and keto-octulosonic residues (KDO) attached to lipid A. This figure shows two alternative a-chains commonly expressed by N. gonorrhoeae terminating with GalNAc and N. meningitidis terminating in NeuNAc. Variable glycoforms are expressed upon the phase variable expression of various glycosyltransferases (reviewed in Bartley and Kahler, 2014). PEA is shown attached to the 4′ position of lipid A in this representation, but variable phosphoforms have been identified with substitutions also occurring on the 1 position (see text and Lewis et al., 2009; John et al., 2012). Gal, galactose; Glc, glucose; GlcNAc, N-acetyl-glucosamine; NeuNAc, N-acetyl-neuraminic acid; P, phosphate; PEA, phosphoethanolamine; OAc, O-acetyl group.