Table 1.
Characteristics of all randomized controlled trials.
| Author, Country | Participant Characteristics | Intervention Protocol | Outcome Measured and Safety | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic Criteria, Assessor | N (AT) | MDD | Female | Predominant Ethnicity | Age (Year) | Weekly Dosage (Type of ☯ and ○, Qualified Instructor [Yes/No]) |
TTT (Min) | Ind or Grp | Duration (Weeks),FU | Drug and/or PSY | 1 = Primary and 2 = Secondary Outcome (Measuring Instrument); Adverse Event | |
| Lavretsky et al. (2011) [24] USA | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist | 73 (6.8%) | 100% | 61.6% | 74% Caucasian | 70.57 | ☯ (36): 1 × 120 min/ week (Tai Chi, yes) ○ (37): 1 × 120 min/ week (HE, yes) |
1200 | Grp | 10, No | Yes | 1. Depression severity (HAM-D24); No |
| Chou et al. (2004) [25] China | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist |
14 (0%) | 90% | 50% | 100% Chinese | 72.6 | ☯ (7): 3 × 45 min/week (Tai Chi, yes) ○ (7): waitlist |
1620 | Grp | 12, No | Yes | 1. Depression severity (CES-D); No |
| Yeung et al. (2012) [26] USA | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist |
39 (5.1%) | 100% | 77% | 100% Chinese American | 55 | ☯ (26):2 × 60 min/week (Tai Chi, yes); ○ (13): waitlist |
1440 | Grp | 12, No | Yes | 1. Remission rate (HAM-D17 scores ≤ 7), Response rate (≥ 50% improvement on the HAM-D17 score) and depression severity (HAM-D17); No |
| Yeung et al. (2017) [27] USA | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist | 67 (25.3%) | 100% | 72% | 100% Chinese American | 54 | ☯ (23):2 × 60 min/week (Tai Chi, yes); ○ (22):2 × 60 min × 2/week (HE, yes); ◎ (22): waitlist |
1440 | Grp | 12, 12 | None | 1. Remission rate (HAM-D17 ≤ 7), Response rate (≥ 50% improvement on the HAMA17 score), and depression severity (HAM-D17 and BDI); No |
| Chan et al. (2012) [28] China | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist |
75 (33.3%) | 100% | 80% | 100% Chinese | 46.48 | ☯ (25):1 × 90 min/week (Qigong, yes); ○ (25):1 × 90 min/week (CBT, yes); ◎ (25): waitlist |
900 | Grp | 10, No | Yes | 1. Depression severity (HAM-D17 and BDI); No |
| Field et al. (2013) [34] USA | DSM-IV, a RA supervised by a psychiatrist | 92 (18.5%) | 100% | 100% | 57% Hispanic, 40% Black |
26.6 | ☯ (46):1 × 20 min/ week (Tai Chi +Yoga, yes); ○ (46): waitlist |
240 | Grp | 12, No | None | 1. Depression severity (CES-D), 2. Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory); No |
| Field et al. (2012) [35] USA | SCID, a RA supervised by a psychiatrist | 84 (11%) | 100% | 100% | 38% Hispanic, 40% Black, 12% Caucasian |
28.57 | ☯ (28):1 × 20 min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (28):1 × 20 min/week (massage, yes); ◎ (28): standard care |
240 | Grp | 12, No | None | 1. Depression severity (CES-D), 2. Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory); No |
| Janakiramaiah et al. (2000) [42] India | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist |
45 (0%) | 100% | 44.4% | 100% Indian | 38.7 | ☯ (15) :4–6 × 45 min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (15): 3 times/week Electroconvulsive therapy; ◎ (15):150 mg/day (imipramine) |
900 | Grp | 4, No | No in ☯ | 1. Remission rate (HAM-D17 score ≤ 7), Depression severity (HAM-D17 and BDI); No |
| Sarubin et al. (2014) [44] Germany | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist |
53 (0%) | 100% | 39.5% | 100% Caucasian | 40.25 | ☯ (22):1 × 60 min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (31):300 mg/day (QXR) or 10 mg/day (ESC) |
300 | Grp | 5, No | No in ☯ | 1. Response rate (≥ 50% improvement on the HAMA21 score) and depression severity (HAM-D21); No |
| Schuver et al. (2016) [36] USA | SCID, RAs supervised by a psychiatrist | 40 (15%) | 100% | 100% | 80% Caucasian | 42.68 | ☯ (20): 2 × 60–75 min/week (Yoga, no) + 15 min (weekly telephone counselor); ○ (20): 2 × 65 min/week (self-walking) + 15 min (weekly telephone counselor) |
1740 | Ind | 12, 4 | Yes | 1. Depression severity (BDI); No |
| Sharma et al. (2005) [43] India | DSM-IV, two psychiatrists | 30 (0%) | 100% | 36.7% | 100% Indian | 31.77 | ☯ (15):3 × 30 min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (15): sitting quietly |
720 | Grp | 8, No | Yes | 1. Remission rates (HAM-D17 score ≤ 7). depression severity (HAM-D17), 2. Anxiety (HAM-A17); No |
| Sharma et al. (2017) [37] USA | DSM-IV, a psychiatrist | 25 (12%) | 100% | 72% | 92% Caucasian | 37.19 | ☯ (13): 6 × 210 min for week 1 + 1 × 90 min for week 2–8 (Yoga, yes) + 20–25 min daily home practice; ○ (12): waitlist |
1890 | Mixed | 8, No | Yes | 1. Remission rate (HAM-D17 score ≤ 7), response rate (≥ 50% improvement on the HAMA17 score and Depression severity (HAM-D17 and BDI), 2. Anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory); No |
| Kinser et al. (2013) [38] USA | MINI, a board-certified clinician | 27 (33%) | 81.5% | 100% | 63% Caucasian | 43.26 | ☯ (15): 1 × 75 min/week + home practice (Yoga, yes); ○ (12): 1 × 75 min/week (HE, yes) |
600 | Mixed | 8, 52 | Yes | 1. Depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), 2. Anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory); No |
| Uebelacker et al. (2016) [39] USA | DSM-IV, psychiatrists | 20 (10%) | 75% | 100% | 75% Caucasian | 28.4 | ☯ (12):1 × 75min × 1/week + home practice (Yoga, yes); ○ (8): 1 × 75 min/week (WW, yes) |
675 | Mixed | 9, No | None | 1. Depression severity (QIDS); No |
| Ubelacker et al. (2017) [40] USA | SDM-IV, two psychologists | 122 (14.8%) | 64.7% | 84.4% | 84% Caucasian | 46.5 | ☯ (63): 2 × 80 min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (59): 1–2 × 60min/week (HE, yes) |
1600 | Grp | 10, 34 | Yes | 1. Remission rate (QIDS scores ≤ 5), response rate ≥ 50% improvement on the QIDS), and depression severity (the QIDS); No |
| Prathikanti et al. (2017) [41] USA | MINI, a psychiatrist |
38 (34.2%) | 100% | 68% | 58% Caucasian | 43.4 | ☯ (20):2 × 90min/week (Yoga, yes); ○ (18):2 × 90 min/week (Education on Yoga history& philosophy, yes) |
1440 | Grp | 8, No | None | 1. Depression severity (BDI); No |
Note: N = sample size; AT = attrition rate; MDD = major depressive disorder; RA = research associate; y = year; Ind = individual training; Grp = group training; FU = follow-up; PSY = psychotherapy; DSM-IV = Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for Depression; MINI = Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; HAM-D24 = 24-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CES-D = Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HAM-D17 = 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; HAM-D21 = 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; QIDS = Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology-Clinician Rating; HAM-A17 = 17-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; TTT = Total training time; QXR = Quetiapine fumarate extended release; ESC = escitalopram; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; HE = health education; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; WW = wellness workshop; AE = adverse event; ☯: Meditative movement intervention; ○: Control group 1; ◎: Control group.