Table 3.
Moderator analysis for depression severity.
| Categorical Moderator | Outcome | Level | No. of Studies/Comparisons | Hedges’ g | 95% Confidence Interval | I2, % | Test for between-Group Homogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q-Value | df(Q) | p-Value | |||||||
| Attrition Rate ≥15% | Depression | Yes | 8 | −0.59 | −0.96 to −0.32 | 5.42% | 0.33 | 1 | 0.57 |
| No | 11 | −0.52 | −0.77 to −0.26 | 48.39% | |||||
| 100% of MDD | Depression | Yes | 16 | −0.62 | −0.83 to −0.42 | 35.21% | 2.37 | 1 | 0.12 |
| No | 3 | −0.23 | −0.68 to 0.22 | 0% | |||||
| Predominant Ethnicity | Depression | Caucasian/Hispanic | 11 | −0.54 | −0.78 to −0.29 | 41.18% | 0.00 | 1 | 0.97 |
| Chinese/Indians | 8 | −0.62 | −0.97 to −0.28 | 33.3% | |||||
| Control Type | Depression | Active | 13 | −0.45 ☯ | −0.67 to −0.23 | 11.8% | 2.76 | 1 | 0.15 ☯ |
| Passive | 6 | −0.79 ☯ | −1.13 to −0.46 | 51.05% | |||||
| Mindfulness Type | Depression | Taichi/Qigong | 6 ※ | −0.64 | −1.04 to −0.23 | 44.07% | 0.02 | 1 | 0.87 |
| Yoga | 12 ※ | −0.7 | −1.35 to −0.04 | 72.83% | |||||
| Intervention Duration | Depression | <12 weeks | 12 | −0.61 | −0.87 to −0.35 | 56.14% | 0.3 | 1 | 0.59 |
| ≥12 weeks | 7 | −0.5 | −0.82 to −0.17 | 0% | |||||
| Training mode | Depression | Group | 15 | −0.55 ® | −0.77 to −0.33 | 32.3% | 0.71 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Mixed | 3 | −0.84 ® | −1.47 to −0.21 | 63.21% | |||||
| Drug and/or psychotherapy | Depression | Yes | 9 | −0.52 | −0.80 to −0.23 | 49.94% | 0.21 | 1 | 0.65 |
| No | 10 | −0.61 | −0.89 to −0.33 | 19.19% | |||||
| Continuous Moderator | Level | No. of Studies/Comparisons | β | 95% Confidence Interval | Q-Value | df | p | ||
| Mean age | Depression | 19 | 0.00292 | −0.00923 to 0.01506 | 0.22 | 1 | 0.63 | ||
| Total minutes in practice | Depression | 19 | −0.00003 | −0.0003 to −0.22368 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.82 | ||
☯: When the fixed-effects model was set, a significant difference between two different control types existed (Q = 4.2, df = 1, p = 0.04), meditative movement vs. passive control (SMD = −0.76) and meditative movement vs. active control (SMD = −0.42); ※: A trial by Field [34] used a mixed meditative movement of Tai Chi and Yoga, so it was not included for data synthesis and the total treatment arms was 18; ®: A trial by Sshuver et al. [36] used the individual training mode (DVD-guided, self-practice) found a treatment effect (SMD = 0.28). Thus, although no significant differences among the three training modes, the magnitude of the treatment effects showed an increased trend: individual (SMD = 0.28) < group (SMD = 0.55) < Mixed (SMD = 0.84).