Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants according to intake of folate (DFE).
| Characteristic | Male | p | Female | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Folate Intake <400 (mcg/day) (n = 4357) |
Folate Intake ≥400 (mcg/day) (n = 8400) |
Folate Intake <400 (mcg/day) (n = 6200) |
Folate Intake ≥400 (mcg/day) (n = 6018) |
|||
| Age (years) | 50.00 (34.00, 64.00) | 45.00 (32.00, 60.00) | <0.0001 | 49.00 (35.00, 63.00) | 47.00 (34.00, 62.00) | 0.0002 |
| Race/ethnicity (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1947 (44.69) | 4265 (50.77) | 0.0001 c | 2924 (47.16) | 3030 (50.35) | 0.0386 c |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1048 (24.05) | 1381 (16.44) | <0.0001 c | 1413 (22.79) | 954 (15.85) | <0.0001 c |
| Mexican American | 781 (17.93) | 1518 (18.07) | 0.8651 c | 1009 (16.27) | 1037 (17.23) | 0.2315 c |
| Others a | 581 (13.33) | 1236 (14.71) | 0.0665 c | 854 (13.77) | 997 (16.57) | 0.0002 c |
| Education background (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Above high school | 1895 (43.49) | 4437 (52.82) | <0.0001 d | 3085 (49.76) | 3421 (56.85) | <0.0001 d |
| High school or GED b | 1098 (25.20) | 1968 (23.43) | 0.0828 d | 1481 (23.89) | 1271 (21.12) | 0.0036 d |
| Less than high school | 1364 (31.31) | 1995 (23.75) | <0.0001 d | 1634 (26.35) | 1326 (22.03) | <0.0001 d |
| Marital status (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 2778 (63.76) | 5692 (67.76) | 0.0406 e | 3291 (53.08) | 3496 (58.09) | 0.0029 e |
| Living alone | 1579 (36.24) | 2708 (32.24) | 0.0014 e | 2909 (46.92) | 2522 (41.91) | 0.0005 e |
| Drinking status (n, %) | 0.0004 | 0.0038 | ||||
| Never | 308 (7.07) | 600 (7.14) | 0.8862 d | 1217 (19.63) | 1130 (18.78) | 0.3251 d |
| Current | 3609 (82.83) | 7127 (84.85) | 0.3856 d | 3741 (60.34) | 3800 (63.14) | 0.1208 d |
| Former | 440 (10.10) | 673 (8.01) | 0.0003 d | 1242 (20.03) | 1088 (18.08) | 0.0235 d |
| Smoking status (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Never | 1818 (41.73) | 3905 (46.49) | 0.0015 d | 3677 (59.31) | 3848 (63.94) | 0.0103 d |
| Current | 1269 (29.13) | 2083 (24.80) | <0.0001 d | 1341 (21.63) | 977 (16.23) | <0.0001 d |
| Former | 1270 (29.15) | 2412 (28.71) | 0.7031 d | 1182 (19.06) | 1193 (19.82) | 0.3838 d |
| Weight (kg) | 83.70 (72.90, 96.50) | 83.60 (73.40, 95.90) | 0.9471 | 72.10 (61.40, 85.95) | 70.90 (60.80, 84.30) | 0.0012 |
| Height (cm) | 173.90 (168.90, 179. 00) | 175.10 (169.80, 180.30) | <0.0001 | 160.80 (155.70, 165.50) | 161.50 (156.60, 166.10) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.72 (24.70, 31.32) | 27.44 (24.38, 30.81) | 0.0003 | 28.07 (24.07, 33.07) | 27.30 (23.43, 32.38) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension status (n, %) | 1049 (24.08) | 1685 (20.06) | <0.0001 | 1340 (21.61) | 1196 (19.87) | 0.0178 |
| Diabetes status (n, %) | 451 (10.35) | 734 (8.74) | 0.0029 | 649 (10.47) | 521 (8.66) | 0.0007 |
| HU (n, %) | 1065 (24.44) | 1627 (19.37) | <0.0001 | 1099 (17.73) | 846 (14.06) | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1743.00 (1327.00, 2231.00) | 2670.50 (2079.00, 3396.00) | <0.0001 | 1415.00 (1076.00, 1810.00) | 2000.50 (1587.00, 2513.00) | <0.0001 |
| Protein intake (gm/day) | 67.03 (47.94, 89.55) | 100.09 (76.10, 131.32) | <0.0001 | 53.00 (38.36, 70.15) | 74.96 (57.37, 94.95) | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (gm/day) | 195.95 (143.39, 262.95) | 318.35 (245.06, 412.90) | <0.0001 | 169.54 (125.50, 222.07) | 253.86 (200.89, 318.50) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 Intake (mg/day) | 1.43 (0.98, 2.01) | 2.36 (1.72, 3.26) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.54) | 1.86 (1.38, 2.48) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 intake (mcg/day) | 3.16 (1.79, 5.08) | 5.59 (3.40, 8.64) | <0.0001 | 2.40 (1.39, 3.88) | 4.31 (2.67, 6.59) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E Intake (mg/day) | 4.70 (3.10, 6.96) | 8.38 (5.65, 12.16) | <0.0001 | 4.33 (2.83, 6.40) | 7.27 (4.98, 10.35) | <0.0001 |
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 106.00 (19.00, 234.00) | 128.00 (30.00, 260.50) | <0.0001 | 87.00 (10.00, 191.00) | 97.00 (14.00, 208.00) | 0.0002 |
| Saturated fatty acids intake (gm/day) | 19.91 (12.69, 29.45) | 30.71 (20.51, 43.74) | <0.0001 | 16.79 (10.92, 24.30) | 22.62 (15.23, 32.75) | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (gm/day) | 23.34 (15.33, 33.25) | 35.16 (24.16, 49.30) | <0.0001 | 18.85 (12.47, 26.75) | 25.48 (17.51, 36.39) | <0.0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (gm/day) | 12.71 (7.71, 18.86) | 20.25 (13.48, 28.73) | <0.0001 | 11.07 (6.96, 16.73) | 15.81 (10.75, 23.15) | <0.0001 |
| STC (mg/dL) | 193.00 (166.00, 221.00) | 192.00 (166.00, 219.00) | 0.2296 | 198.00 (172.00, 227.00) | 195.00 (170.00, 223.00) | 0.0004 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (87.00, 104.00) | 93.00 (86.00, 103.00) | <0.0001 | 91.00 (84.00, 101.00) | 90.00 (83.00, 100.00) | 0.0249 |
| STG (mg/dL) | 124.00 (81.00, 194.00) | 128.00 (84.00, 202.00) | 0.0069 | 109.00 (74.00, 163.00) | 110.00 (74.00, 168.00) | 0.5920 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 6.10 (5.30, 6.90) | 5.90 (5.10, 6.70) | <0.0001 | 4.70 (4.00, 5.60) | 4.60 (3.90, 5.40) | <0.0001 |
a Other Hispanics and other races, including multi-racial participants; b General educational development; c Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/4 = 0.0125); d Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/3 = 0.0167); e Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/2 = 0.025).