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. 2017 Nov 30;4(6):590–614. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2017.6.590

Table 1. Description of characteristics and their measures used in the analysis of stunting and underweight, Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 1992, 2000, 2004, 2010, 2015–16.

Measure Categories used Description
Household characteristics
Residence Urban, rural Based on the sample allocation of respondents for each sampled area
Region of residence Northern, central, southern Based on the sample allocation of respondents for each sampled area
Wealth index Poorest, poor, middle, richer, and richest The household asset index for is for the household to which the respondent belongs
Source of drinking water Non-improved, improved Improved sources for the household included piped water, tap water, bottled water and protected wells in the compound. Unprotected wells, springs, rivers, ponds, lakes and dams were grouped as non-improved water sources.
Toilet facilities No toilet facility, Non-improved, Improved Improved household toilet facilities included flush toilets and ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP) latrines, while traditional pit latrines were categorized as non-improved toilet facilities
Maternal characteristics
Highest educational level No education, Primary, Secondary and above Respondent was asked if she had ever attended school, and if so, what were the highest level and class that she completed
Mother's age <20 years, 20–30 years, >30 years Based on respondent's reports of age in completed years
Number of under-5 children living with mother 1, 2–3, 4–5, 6 and above Based on reports of number of children under-5 living with the mother
Child-related characteristics
Sex Male, female Respondents reports of the sex of the child
Age (months) ≤ 6, 7–12, 13–23, 24–35, 36–59 Respondents reports of the age of child at the time of the survey
Birth order 1, 2–3, ≥ 4 Birth order of the child for children born 5 years prior to the survey
Size at birth Small, average, large Respondent's reports of weight of child at birth, with a reference weight of 2.5 kg as average weight
Had diarrhoea Yes, no Respondent report whether child had diarrhoea in the last two weeks before the survey
Had fever Yes, no Respondent report whether child had fever in the last two weeks before the survey
Had cough Yes, no Respondent report whether child had cough in the last two weeks before the survey