Table 2.
Botanical sources of berberine.
| Family | Scientific name | Common name | Used part | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annonaceae | Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas (ex-Enantia chlorantha Oliv.) | African whitewood, african yellow wood Epfoué, Péyé, Nfol, Poyo | Bark | Mell, 1929 |
| Annickia pilosa (Exell) Setten & Maas (ex-Enantia pilosa Exell) | – | Bark | Buzas and Egnell, 1965 | |
| Annickia polycarpa (DC.) Setten & Maas ex I. M. Turner (ex-Enantia polycarpa (DC.) Engl. & Diels) | African yellow wood | Bark | Buzas and Egnell, 1965 | |
| Coelocline polycarpa A.DC. | Yellow-dye tree of Soudan | Bark | Henry, 1949 | |
| Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. | Biriba, wild sweet sop, wild cashina | Fruit | Chen et al., 1996 | |
| Xylopia macrocarpa A.Chev. | Jangkang | Stem bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Xylopia polycarpa (DC.) Oliv. | – | Stem bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberidaceae | Berberis aetnensis C.Presl | – | Roots | Bonesi et al., 2013 |
| Leaves | Musumeci et al., 2003 | |||
| Root | Henry, 1949 | |||
| Berberis amurensis Rupr. | Barberry | Stem & roots | Tomita and Kugo, 1956 | |
| Berberis aquifolium Pursh | Oregon grape | Roots | Parsons, 1882 | |
| Berberis aristata DC. | Tree turmeric | Bark | Chakravarti et al., 1950 | |
| Roots | Singh A. et al., 2010 | |||
| Stem | ||||
| Raw herb | Singh R. et al., 2010 | |||
| Extract | ||||
| Fruit | Kamal et al., 2011 | |||
| Roots | Andola et al., 2010a,c | |||
| Roots | Rashmi et al., 2009 | |||
| Roots | Singh and Kakkar, 2009 | |||
| Roots | Srivastava et al., 2004 | |||
| Roots | Srivastava et al., 2001 | |||
| Bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |||
| Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. | Chutro, rasanjan (Nep); marpyashi (Newa); daruharidra, darbi (Sans) | Roots | Andola et al., 2010b | |
| Roots | Andola et al., 2010c | |||
| Roots | Srivastava et al., 2004 | |||
| Roots, stem, bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |||
| Berberis barandana Vidal. | – | ND | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis beaniana C. K. Schneid. | Kang song xiao bo (pinyin, China) | – | Steffens et al., 1985 | |
| Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. | Chitra, indian barberry | Whole plant | Hussaini and Shoeb, 1985 | |
| Roots | Srivastava et al., 2006a,b,c | |||
| Berberis concinna Hook.f. | Barberry | Stem bark | Tiwari and Masood, 1979 | |
| Berberis congestiflora Gay | Michay | Leaves and stem | Torres et al., 1992 | |
| Berberis coriaria Royle ex Lindl. | – | Stem bark | Tiwari and Masood, 1979 | |
| Berberis croatica Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. | Croatian barberry | Roots | Končić et al., 2010 | |
| Roots | Kosalec et al., 2009 | |||
| Berberis darwinii Hook. | Michai, calafate | Roots | Richert, 1918 | |
| Leaves | Urzúa et al., 1984 | |||
| Stem-bark | Habtemariam, 2011 | |||
| Berberis densiflora Raf. | – | Leaves | Khamidov et al., 1997b | |
| Berberis floribunda Wall. ex G.Don | Nepal barberry | Roots | Chatterjee, 1951 | |
| Berberis fortunei Lindl. | Fortune's Mahonia | Wood | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis guimpelii K. Koch & C. D. Bouché | – | Roots | Petcu, 1965a | |
| Berberis heteropoda Schrank | – | Root bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis himalaica Ahrendt | – | Stem-bark | Chatterjee et al., 1952 | |
| Berberis horrida Gay | – | Leaves and stem | Torres et al., 1992 | |
| Berberis iliensis Popov | – | Young shoots | Karimov and Shakirov, 1993 | |
| Roots | Dzhalilov et al., 1963 | |||
| Berberis integerrima Bunge. | – | Root | Karimov et al., 1993 | |
| Leaves | Karimov et al., 1993; Khamidov et al., 1996c, 1997b | |||
| Berberis jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. | Jaeschke's Barberry | – | Rashid and Malik, 1972 | |
| Berberis jamesonii Lindl (ex-Berberis glauca Benth) | – | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis japonica R.Br | Japanese Mahonia | Wood, root | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis kawakamii Hayata | – | Roots | Yang and Lu, 1960a | |
| Berberis koreana Palib. | Korean barberry | Bark of the stem | Petcu, 1965b | |
| Bark of the roots | ||||
| Seeds | ||||
| Stem | ||||
| Roots | ||||
| – | Kostalova et al., 1982 | |||
| Roots | Yoo et al., 1986 | |||
| Leaves | ||||
| Berberis lambertii R. Parker | – | Roots | Chatterjee and Banerjee, 1953 | |
| Berberis laurina Thunb | Laurel barberry | Roots | Gurguel et al., 1934; Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis leschenaultii Wall. ex Wight & Arn (ex-Mahonia leschenaultii (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Takeda) | – | Bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C. K. Schneid. | – | Root | Bonesi et al., 2013 | |
| Berberis lycium Royle | Boxthorn barberry | Roots | Andola et al., 2010c | |
| Berberis microphylla G. Forst. (ex-Berberis heterophylla Juss. ex Poir. Berberis buxifolia Lam.) | Patagonian barberry, magellan barberry, calafate | Roots | Freile et al., 2006 | |
| – | Rashid and Malik, 1972 | |||
| Berberis mingetsensis Hayata | – | Roots | Yang and Lu, 1960b | |
| Berberis nummularia Bunge | Nummular barberry | Young shoots | Karimov et al., 1993 | |
| Berberis morrisonensis Hayata | – | Roots | Yang, 1960a,b | |
| Stem | ||||
| – | ||||
| Berberis nepalensis Spreng. (ex-Mahonia acanthifolia Wall. ex G.Don) | – | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis nervosa Pursh | Dwarf Oregon-grape | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis oblonga (Regel) C. K. Schneid | Oblong barberry | Stem | Karimov and Lutfullin, 1986; Gorval' and Grishkovets, 1999 | |
| Leaves | Khamidov et al., 2003 | |||
| Roots | Tadzhibaev et al., 1974 | |||
| Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don | Chochar | Roots | Huq and Ikram, 1968 | |
| Berberis pseudumbellata R. Parker | – | Roots | Andola et al., 2010b | |
| Stem bark | ||||
| – | Pant et al., 1986 | |||
| Berberis repens Lindl. | Creeping mahonia, creeping Oregon grape, creeping barberry, or prostrate barberry | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis sargentiana C. K. Schneid. | Sankezhen | – | Liu, 1992 | |
| Berberis swaseyi Buckley | – | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis thunbergii DC. | Japanese barberry | Stem | Khamidov et al., 1997a | |
| Leaves | Khamidov et al., 1997a | |||
| Berberis tinctoria Lesch. | Nilgiri barberry | Roots | Srivastava and Rawat, 2007 | |
| Berberis trifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Schult. & Schult.f. | – | Root, stem | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Berberis turcomanica Kar. ex Ledeb. | – | Leaves | Khamidov et al., 1996a,b,c | |
| Berberis umbellata Wall. ex G.Don | Himalayan barberry | Roots | Singh et al., 2012 | |
| Berberis vulgaris L. | Barberry | Stems and roots | Imanshahidi and Hosseinzadeh, 2008 | |
| Roots | Končić et al., 2010 | |||
| Roots | Kosalec et al., 2009 | |||
| Berberis waziristanica Hieron. | – | Root bark | Atta-ur-Rahma and Ahmad, 1992 | |
| Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (ex-Leontice thalictroides L.) | Blue cohosh | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. | Twinleaf | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Mahonia borealis Takeda | – | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde | Fortune's Mahonia | wood | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Mahonia napaulensis DC. (ex- Mahonia griffithii; ex-Mahonia manipurensis Takeda; Mahonia sikkimensis Takeda) | Nepal Barberry | bark | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Mahonia simonsii Takeda | – | – | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Nandina domestica Thunb. | Nandina, heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo | bark, root | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying | Himalayan May Apple, Indian may apple | Root, rhizome | Willaman and Schubert, 1961 | |
| Menispermaceae | Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (ex-Tinospora cordifolia) (Willd.) Miers | Gulbel, indian tinospora | Stem | Srinivasan et al., 2008 |
| – | Singh et al., 2003 | |||
| Papaveraceae | Argemone albiflora Hornem. (ex-Argemone alba F.Lestib.) | White prickly poppy, Bluestem pricklypoppy | Aerial part and roots | Slavikova et al., 1960 |
| Foote, 1932 | ||||
| Israilov and Yunusov, 1986 | ||||
| Argemone hybrida R.Otto & Verloove | – | Leaves and stem | Israilov and Yunusov, 1986 | |
| Argemone mexicana L. | Prickly poppy | Apigeal parts, seeds | Haisova and Slavik, 1975; Israilov and Yunusov, 1986; Fletcher et al., 1993 | |
| Leaves | Bapna et al., 2015 | |||
| Seeds | Fletcher et al., 1993 | |||
| – | Singh, 2014 | |||
| – | Majumder et al., 1956; Hakim et al., 1961; Misra et al., 1961 | |||
| Superterranean parts | Slavikova and Slavik, 1955 | |||
| Roots | ||||
| – | Santos and Adkilen, 1932; de Almeida Costa, 1935; Misra et al., 1961; Doepke et al., 1976; Abou-Donia and El-Din, 1986; Monforte-Gonzalez et al., 2012 | |||
| Roots | Pathak et al., 1985; Kukula-Koch and Mroczek, 2015 | |||
| Leaves and capsules | Schlotterbeck, 1902 | |||
| Whole plant | Bose et al., 1963; Haisova and Slavik, 1975 | |||
| Latex | Santra and Saoji, 1971 | |||
| Argemone ochroleuca Sweet | Chicalote | Seeds | Fletcher et al., 1993 | |
| Argemone platyceras L. | Chicalote poppy, crested poppy | Leaves and stem | Israilov and Yunusov, 1986 | |
| Argemone subintegrifolia Ownbey | – | Aerial part | Stermitz et al., 1974 | |
| Argemone squarrosa Greene | Hedgehog pricklypoppy | Aerial part | Stermitz, 1967 | |
| Bocconia frutescens L. | Plume poppy, tree poppy, tree celandine, parrotweed, sea oxeye daisy, john crow bush | Leaves | Slavik and Slavikova, 1975 | |
| Roots, stalks, leaves | Taborska et al., 1980 | |||
| Chelidonium majus L. | Celandine poppy | Roots | Jusiak, 1967 | |
| Corydalis chaerophylla DC. | Fitweed | Roots | Jha et al., 2009 | |
| Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms | Fitweed | Manske, 1939 | ||
| Corydalis solida subsp. brachyloba | Fitweed | Aerial parts | Sener and Temizer, 1988, 1991 | |
| Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (Velen.) Hayek (ex-Corydalis slivenensis Velen.) | Fitweed | – | Kiryakov et al., 1982a,b | |
| Corydalis solida subsp. tauricola | Fitweed | – | Kiryakov et al., 1982b | |
| Rhizome | Sener and Temizer, 1990 | |||
| Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser. (ex-Corydalis ternata (Nakai) Nakai) | Fitweed | Tubers | Lee and Kim, 1999 | |
| Eschscholzia californica Cham. | Californian poppy | Roots | Gertig, 1964 | |
| Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud. subsp. corniculatum | Blackspot Hornpoppy | Aerial parts | Doncheva et al., 2014 | |
| – | Slavik and Slavikova, 1957 | |||
| Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & A.Huet | Red Horned Poppy, Grand-flowered Horned Poppy | Aerial part | Phillipson et al., 1981 | |
| Hunnemannia fumariifolia Sweet | Mexican Tulip Poppy, Golden Cup | Roots | Slavikova and Slavik, 1966 | |
| Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. | Plume poppy | – | Kosina et al., 2010 | |
| Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde | Poppy | Roots | Pěnčíková et al., 2011 | |
| Papaver dubium L. | Long-Head Poppy | Roots | Slavik et al., 1989 | |
| Papaver dubium var. lecoquii | Long-Head Poppy | Latex | Egels, 1959 | |
| Papaver rhoeas L. var. chelidonioides | Corn Poppy | Roots | Slavík, 1978 | |
| Papaver hybridum L. | Poppy | Aerial part | Phillipson et al., 1981 | |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. | Bloodroot | Greathouse, 1939 | ||
| Ranunculaceae | Coptis chinensis Franch. | Chinese goldthread | Roots | Jin and Shan, 1982 |
| Roots | Lou et al., 1982 | |||
| Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino | Japanese goldthread | Rhizome | Kubota et al., 1980 | |
| Coptis teeta Wall. | Gold thread | Rhizome | Chen and Chen, 1988 | |
| Rhizome | Zhang et al., 2008 | |||
| Roots | ||||
| Hydrastis canadensis L. | Goldenseal | – | Baldazzi et al., 1998 | |
| – | Leone et al., 1996 | |||
| Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marshall | Yellowroot | Root, stem, and leaves | Okunade et al., 1994 | |
| Rutaceae | Evodia meliaefolia (Hance ex Walp.) Benth. | – | Bark | Perkin and Hummel, 1895 |
| Phellodendron amurense Rupr. | Amur cork tree | Bark | Chiang et al., 2006 | |
| Root bark | Zhang et al., 2008 | |||
| Trunk bark | ||||
| Perennial Branch bark | ||||
| Annual branches | ||||
| Leaves | ||||
| Phellodendron chinense C. K. Schneid. | Chinese cork tree | Bark | Chan et al., 2007 | |
| Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum C. K. Schneid. (ex-Phellodendron wilsonii Hayata & Kaneh.) | Chinese cork tree | Bark, branch, leaf and heartwood | Chen, 1981 | |
| – | Tan et al., 2013 | |||
| Bark | Chen, 1982 | |||
| Phellodendron lavallei Dode | Lavalle corktree | Bark | Yavich et al., 1993 | |
| Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wilson | Palo rubio | Stem and branches | Stermitz and Sharifi, 1977 | |
| Zanthoxylum quinduense Tul. | – | – | Ladino and Suárez, 2010 |