Table 1.
Participant demographic characteristics.
| ID | Gender | Age | MPO | Lang 1 | Hand | Edu | Etiology | AOS characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M | 70 | 107 | Eng | L | 19 | Remote left temporofrontal infarct with associated encephalomalacia | None |
| 2 | F | 64 | 120 | Eng | R | 18 | Left frontal, temporal, parietal infarct, before aneurysm clipping of left MCA (hemorrhage, craniotomy × 2) | None |
| 3 | M | 54 | 74 | Eng | R | 16 | Small, left, cortical lateral frontal infarct | None |
| 4 | M | 68 | 36 | Eng | R | 12 | Left MCA infarct temporal lobe, insula, frontal and parietal lobes affected | None |
| 5 | F | 71 | 125 | Eng | R | 14 | Left MCA infarct involving basal ganglia and cortical gray matter | None |
| 6 | F | 60 | 70 | Eng | R | 12 | Large left infarct with involvement of temporal pole and frontal lobe (extending from orbitofrontal cortex to Broca's area and to superior frontal sulcus) | None |
| 7 | M | 61 | 77 | Eng | R | 16 | Left hemorrhage with involvement of basal ganglia, posterior frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes | None |
| 8 | F | 45 | 10 | Eng | R | 16 | Left MCA infarct involving insula, operculum, modest extent of superior temporal gyrus, and extensive frontal cortex | None |
| 9 | F | 54 | 54 | Eng | R | 14 | Left MCA aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage | Moderate. Slowed rate, segmented speech, increased difficulty on consonant clusters; presence of schwas and distorted substitutions. |
| 10 | M | 66 | 60 | Eng | R | 16 | Left MCA involving anterior left parietal lobe extending to the level of the Sylvian fissure with question of component of extension into the left temporal lobe. Mild effacement upon the left lateral ventricle. | None |
| 11 | F | 59 | 51 | Eng | R | 20 | Decompressive craniotomy after large left CVA. Left internal carotid occlusion (likely a very large ischemic infarct s/p decompressive craniotomy). | None |
| 12 | M | 72 | 64 | Eng | R | 23 | Left hemorrhagic CVA with involvement of basal ganglia, adjacent insular cortex, left corona radiata, with ischemic damage to frontal lobe | Mild. Slightly abnormal rate; mild disruption to prosody and articulation. |
| 13 | F | 51 | 69 | Gujarati | R | 12 | Left basal ganglia hemorrhagic infarct, with ischemic damage to overlying perisylvian cortex | None |
| 14 | M | 61 | 116 | Eng | R | 19 | Left MCA infarct, large territory hypodensity involving the left cerebral hemisphere in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes | Moderate. Distorted substitutions, errors increase with increasing word length, abnormal prosody. |
| 15 | F | 71 | 41 | Eng | R | 14 | Surgery to “tie off” aneurysm led to bleeding that required a second surgery | None |
| Distal left M1 embolic event. Infarct involves part of putamen, insula, operculum (though minimal frontal), and extensive temporal and parietal lobes. | ||||||||
| 16 | F | 70 | 85 | Eng | R | 12 | History of two strokes (or one stroke and one TIA). Left MCA territory infarcts including the temporoparietal junction, coronal radiata, and subinsular region (ischemic). | None |
| 17 | M | 62 | 42 | Eng | R | 13 | Distal L M1 event with extensive infarction of temporal lobe and insula and modest infarction of frontal and parietal operculum | None |
| 18 | M | 57 | 128 | Eng | L | 18 | Large, left MCA infarct with involvement in head of the caudate, most of the left lenticular nucleus, the insular cortex, and posterior half of the left frontal lobe extending into the anterior portion of the left parietal lobe | None |
| 19 | F | 64 | 42 | Eng | R | 17 | Large, left basal ganglia hemorrhage with intraventricular extension | None |
| 20 | M | 60 | 32 | Eng | R | 16 | Large, left basal ganglia hemorrhage | None |
| 21 | M | 70 | 59 | Eng | R | 16 | Suggestion of subtle loss of gray–white matter differentiation in the left basal ganglia. Occlusive thrombosis within proximal aspect of the left middle CVA. | None |
| 22 | F | 72 | 34 | Eng | R | 16 | Left M2 region infarct with loss of left insular ribbon, loss of gray–white differentiation in the left frontal operculum and left parietotemporal lobes (ischemic) | Mild. Distorted substitutions, segmented syllables, increase in errors with increasing word length, slowed speech rate. |
| 23 | F | 56 | 17 | Eng | R | 12 | Left MCA ischemic event. Infarct extending deep from lateral left frontal pole. | None |
| 24 | M | 46 | 86 | Eng | L | 13 | Massive left MCA infarct with subsequent surgical decompression. Left hemisphere is gone, expect for ACA and PCA territories. | None |
| M | 61.83 | 66.63 | 15.56 | |||||
| SD | 8.04 | 33.77 | 2.95 |
Note. AOS = apraxia of speech; CVA = cerebrovascular accident; Edu = years of education; F = female; Lang 1 = native language; M = male; MPO = months after left CVA onset; Eng = English; L = left; R = right; MCA = middle cerebral artery; s/p = status post; TIA = transient ischemic attack; M1 = primary motor cortex; M2 = supplementary motor cortex; ACA = anterior cerebral artery; PCA = posterior cerebral artery.