Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population at baseline.
| Study variables | Group 1 (n 20) | Group 2 (n 20) | Group 3 (n 18) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLINICAL VARIABLES | ||||
| Age | 40.5 ± 7 | 40.5 ± 6 | 39.0 ± 8 | / |
| Male (%) | 5 (25) | 6 (30) | 5 (27.8) | / |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 33.1 ± 2.7 | 33.5 ± 2.6 | 33.7 ± 2.4 | / |
| Systolicarterial pressure (mmHg) | 133 ± 11 | 129 ± 12 | 126 ± 10.3 | / |
| Diastolicarterial pressure (mmHg) | 82 ± 2.3 | 84 ± 2.1 | 85 ± 2.1 | / |
| Heart rate (beats for minute) | 72 ± 9 | 72 ± 10 | 69 ± 8 | / |
| WHR | 0.91 ± 0.006 | 0.91 ± 0.005 | 0.91 ± 0.001 | / |
| HOMA-IR | 5.1 ± 0.72 | 4.9 ± 0.68 | 4.1 ± 0.28 | <0.05**, < 0.05*** |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 19.7 ± 1.9 | 20.1 ± 1.8 | 22.6 ± 1.9 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.64 ± 0.14 | 6.73 ± 0.24 | 5.34 ± 0.57 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| Cholesterol(mmol/L) | 4.33 ± 0.86 | 4.51 ± 0.88 | 4.66 ± 1.02 | / |
| HDL(mmol/L) | 1.73 ± 0.44 | 1.83 ± 0.39 | 1.78 ± 0.41 | / |
| LDL(mmol/L) | 3.31 ± 0.61 | 3.33 ± 0.57 | 3.17 ± 0.59 | / |
| Triglycerides(mmol/L) | 1.89 ± 0.44 | 1.83 ± 0.54 | 1.61 ± 0.31 | / |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 98.6 ± 4.4 | 101.2 ± 3.5 | 78.3 ± 2.6 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| BIOHUMORAL MARKERS | ||||
| CRP (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.48 | 1.03 ± 0.43 | 0.85 ± 0.38 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| IL6(pg/ml) | 4.22 ± 0.45 | 4.10 ± 0.39 | 3.53 ± 0.43 | <0.05**, <.05*** |
| TNFα (pg/ml) | 6.95 ± 0.59 | 6.75 ± 0.53 | 5.51 ± 1.09 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| Nitrotyrosine (nmol/l) | 5.214 ± 0.702 | 5.309 ± 0.651 | 1.211 ± 0.205 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| ADIPOSE TISSUE MARKERS | ||||
| SIRT1 (arbitraryunits) | 0.65 ± 0.29 | 0.63 ± 0.23 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| NFKb (arbitraryunits) | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 1.10 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| FAS (arbitraryunits) | 217.51 ± 85.09 | 224.45 ± 95.15 | 69.93 ± 23.84 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| IL6(arbitraryunits) | 74.08 ± 3.11 | 78.12 ± 3.08 | 46.18 ± 3.04 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| TNFα(arbitrary units) | 36.51 ± 5.16 | 35.72 ± 6.21 | 22.37 ± 4.10 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| Nitrotyrosine (arbitraryunits) | 52.82 ± 4.28 | 51.68 ± 5.12 | 14.18 ± 4.15 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHICPARAMETERS | ||||
| Intima-media tickness | 1.01 ± 0.15 | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | <0.05**, <0.05*** |
| LVTDd (mm) | 56 ± 3.8 | 55 ± 4.1 | 54 ± 4.6 | / |
| LVTSd (mm) | 34 ± 4.4 | 32 ± 4.8 | 31 ± 6.7 | / |
| LVEF (%) | 54 ± 6 | 54 ± 7 | 53 ± 6 | / |
| LAD (mm) | 45 ± 6 | 43 ± 6 | 42 ± 2 | / |
| Septum (mm) | 14 ± 2.5 | 14 ± 2.2 | 13.5 ± 2.6 | / |
| Posteriorwall (mm) | 11 ± 1.5 | 11 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | / |
| MPI | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | / |
| LV mass (g) | 192.5 ± 49.5 | 191.7 ± 49.7 | 203.7 ± 48.4 | / |
| LV mass/BSA (g/m2) | 84.06 ± 21.62 | 82.62 ± 21.42 | 90.13 ± 21.42 | / |
| LV mass/h (m2) | 69 ± 17.75 | 67.03 ± 17.38 | 72.23 ± 17.16 | / |
| DRUG THERAPY | ||||
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 10 (50) | 9 (45) | 9 (50) | / |
| ARS blockers (%) | 5 (25) | 5 (25) | 5 (28) | / |
| Calciumchannelsblockers (%) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 2 (11.1) | / |
| Loopdiuretics (%) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) | 2 (11.1) | / |
| Metformin (%) | 20 (100%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Statin (%) | 8 (40) | 9 (45) | 7 (39) | / |
| Thiazides (%) | 5 (25) | 6 (30) | 5 (27.8) | / |
Clinical characteristics of the study population for obese patients with pre-diabetic condition (groups 1 and 2), and obese patients with normo-glycemic condition (group 3) at baseline. In this table the study variables of the study population of 58 patients are reported divided into three groups at baseline: groups 1, 20 obese patients with pre-diabetic condition treated with a hypocaloric diet added to metformin; group 2, 20 obese patients with pre-diabetic condition treated with a hypocaloric diet added to placebo; group 3, 18 obese patients with normo-glycemic condition treated with a hypocaloric diet. In the study the variables (first column to the left) reported are clinical variables, biohumoral markers, echocardiographic parameters, and drug therapy for each group of patients. We reported fasting glucose and lipid values. ACE is angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARS is angiotesin renin system; CRP, C reactive protein; h is height; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance; IL6, interleukine 6; LAD is the left atrium diameter; LV is the left ventricle; LVEF is the left ventricle ejection fraction; LVTDd is the left ventricle telediastolic diameter; LVTDs is the left ventricle telesystolic diameter; MPI is the myocardium performance index; SIRT 1, sirtuin 1; TNFα is tumor necrosis factor alpha; WHR, waist hip ratio. The symbol * is indicating a p < 0.05 with the comparison of group 1 vs. group 2; the symbol
is indicating the p < 0.05 with the comparison of group 1 vs. group 3; the symbol
is indicating a p < 0.05 with the comparison of group 2 vs. group 3.
The symbol / is indicating a not statistically significant value. The p < 0.05 is indicating a statistically significant p-value.