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Butyrate improved intestinal barrier function and regulated TLRs in the colon. (A) Representative colon histology assessed by ZO-1 immunofluorescence staining (scale bar, 100 μm). (B,C) Relative mRNA levels of gut barrier function markers claudin-1 and ZO-1 (B) and TLR2 and TLR4 (C). Data are presented as the means ± SEM. N = 15–17 per group. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test post hoc ANOVA one-way statistical analysis.
