Table 1.

Potential late effects after select neuroblastoma-directed therapies.

Potential Late Effect	Therapeutic Exposure
Thyroid dysfunction	Radiation to the neck or scatter
	Total body irradiation
	Iodine-131 Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) therapy
	High-dose alkylating agents prior to transplant
Growth hormone deficiency	Radiation to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (≥18 Gy)
	Total body irradiation
Gonadal dysfunction	Alkylating agents
	Cisplatin
	Radiation to the gonads
Skeletal dysplasia	Radiation to the spine or long bones
	Cis-retinoic-acid
Diabetes Mellitus	Abdominal radiation
	Total body irradiation
Hearing loss	Cisplatin
	Myeloablative doses of carboplatin
	Ototoxic antibiotic exposures
Pulmonary dysfunction	Busulfan
	Radiation to the chest or upper abdomen
Cardiac dysfunction	Anthracyclines
	Radiation to the chest or upper abdomen
Renal dysfunction	Nephrectomy
	Platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin)
	Radiation therapy involving the kidney
Subsequent malignancies	Epipodophyllotoxins
	Alkylating agents
	Anthracyclines
	Radiation therapy