Table 4.

Effect sizes for Perspective Manipulations: Estimated subcategory averages (and SEM) from the Perspective manipulation-only meta-analytic model and individual-publication effect sizes.

Subcategory or Study	Population	Manipulation	DV	Effect on Impulsivity		Effect Size	p
Group Perspective						0.05 (0.28)	.86
Charlton et al. (2013)	College students	Group (vs. self)	k	↓		CNC
Yi et al. (2010)	Adults	Group (vs. self)	k	↑		0.34 (females)
				↓		0.25 (males)
Another’s Perspective						0.01 (0.16)	.98
Kim et al. (2013) Experiment 3	Adults	Choosing on stranger’s behalf (vs. close other)	Indifference point	↓		0.53
O’Connell et al. (2013)	College students	Choosing from perspective of distant or close other (vs. self)	AUC	↑		0.47
				↑	n.s.	0.22
Weatherly & Ruthig (2013)	College students	Choosing on other’s behalf	AUC	–	n.s.	CNC^
Ziegler & Tunney (2012)	College students	Choosing on other’s behalf (of varying closeness, vs. self)	k	↓		0.19 (distant)
				↓		0.11 (close)

n.s., No statistically significant effect; AUC, area under the discounting curve; CNC, could not calculate effect size

^{^}Data were obtained from the authors but could not be transformed to normality for effect size calculation.