Table 1a.
Characteristics of patent ductus arteriosus subjects by indication
| Total (n=5233) | Left ventricular volume overload (n=2980) | Prevention of endocarditis (n=1861) | Pulmonary hypertension (n=392) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 2.0 (IQR: 0–4) | 1.0 (IQR: 0.0–3.0) | 3.0 (IQR: 1–7) | 0.0 (IQR: 0–1.0) | <0.001 |
| Age >18 years | 2.5% (132) | 1.9% (44) | 3.6% (66) | 2.8% (11) | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 64% (3370) | 66% (1957) | 64% (1188) | 57% (225) | 0.004 |
| Weight (kg) | 11.7 (IQR: 8.2–18.0) | 10.5 (7.5–15.5) | 15.4 (10.8–26.2) | 6.6 (4.6–9.3) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 67% (3518) | 67% (2002) | 70% (1298) | 56% (218) | |
| Black | 18% (958) | 17% (495) | 19% (353) | 28% (110) | |
| Other | 14% (757) | 16% (483) | 11% (210) | 16% (64) | |
| Trisomy 21 | 8% (399) | 7%(198) | 6% (118) | 21% (83) | <0.001 |
| Other genetic condition | 1% (66) | 1% (31) | 1% (22) | 3.3% (13) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 8% (409) | 6% (186) | 3% (57) | 42% (166) | <0.001 |
| Renal insufficiency | 0.4% (22) | 0.4% (12) | 0.3% (5) | 1.3% (5) | 0.02 |
| History of stroke | 0.3% (15) | 0.3% (8) | 0.1% (2) | 1.3% (5) | <0.001 |
| Hospital status | <0.001 | ||||
| Outpatient | 52% (2720) | 51% (1506) | 60% (1116) | 25% (98) | |
| 23 hour observation | 34% (1777) | 35% (1039) | 34% (630) | 28% (108) | |
| Admit to inpatient floor | 4% (192) | 4% (127) | 3% (48) | 4% (17) | |
| Admit to ICU | 3% (176) | 4% (113) | 2% (38) | 6% (25) | |
| Return to inpatient floor | 2% (87) | 2% (59) | 0.4% (7) | 5% (21) | |
| Return to ICU | 5% (266) | 4% (127) | 1% (17) | 31% (122) | |
| Missing | 15 | 9 | 5 | 1 | |
| Anesthesia/sedation | 0.04 | ||||
| General anesthesia | 87% (4563) | 87% (2605) | 86% (1605) | 90% (353) | |
| IV sedation | 12% (629) | 12% (345) | 13% (246) | 10% (38) | |
| Other/Missing | 1% (41) | 1% (30) | 1% (10) | 0% (1) | |
| Trainee present | 55% (2873) | 57% (1683) | 53% (981) | 53% (209) | 0.03 |
| Access | <0.001 | ||||
| Arterial only | 6% (318) | 3% (98) | 11% (211) | 2% (9) | |
| Venous only | 2% (82) | 2% (47) | 1% (23) | 3% (12) | |
| Both | 92% (4830) | 95% (2834) | 87% (1625) | 94% (371) | |
| Systemic heparinization | 83% (4362) | 85% (2533) | 80% (1485) | 88% (344) | <0.001 |
| PDA minimal lumenal diameter (mm) | 2.5±1.6 | 2.7±1.5 | 1.8±1.3 | 3.2±1.9 | <0.001 |
| Anatomic type | <0.001 | ||||
| Conical | 62% (3173) | 66% (1927) | 61% (1103) | 38% (143) | |
| Window | 2% (80) | 2% (46) | 1% (27) | 2% (7) | |
| Tubular | 19% (964) | 18% (520) | 16% (296) | 39% (148) | |
| Complex | 5% (242) | 5% (138) | 5% (91) | 6% (23) | |
| Elongated | 13% (660) | 10% (308) | 16% (296) | 15% (56) | |
| Missing | 104 | 41 | 48 | 15 | |
| Ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp:Qs) | 1.6±1.1 (n=4225) | 1.8±1.3 (n=2406) | 1.3±0.6 (n=1309) | 1.9±1.1 (n=332) | <0.001 |
| Qp:Qs<1.5:1 | 58% (2463) | 47% (1169) | 83% (1165) | 39% (129) | <0.001 |
| Indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (WU*m2) | 1.6±1.4 | 1.4±1.1 | 1.4±1.0 | 3.6±2.6 | <0.001 |
| Hospital region | <0.001 | ||||
| Northeast | 11% (567) | 12% (352) | 9% (168) | 12% (47) | |
| Midwest | 27% (1368) | 25% (735) | 29% (528) | 27% (105) | |
| South | 44% (2239) | 42% (1228) | 47% (846) | 43% (165) | |
| West | 18% (946) | 21% (600) | 15% (275) | 18% (71) | |
| Missing | 113 | 65 | 44 | 4 | |
| Hospital setting | <0.001 | ||||
| Rural | 4% (209) | 3% (89) | 5% (97) | 6% (23) | |
| Suburban | 10% (509) | 8% (252) | 12% (219) | 10% (38) | |
| Urban | 86% (4515) | 89% (2639) | 83% (1545) | 84%(331) | |
| Hospital type | 0.50 | ||||
| Government | 2% (113) | 2% (65) | 2% (44) | 1% (4) | |
| Private/community | 48% (2493) | 48% (1425) | 47% (874) | 49% (194) | |
| University | 50% (2627) | 50% (1490) | 51% (943) | 49% (194) |