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Schematic model of the molecular mechanism by which cinnamaldehyde inhibits both IL-13- and TGF-β1-mediated periostin expression in fibroblasts. Cinnamaldehyde induces NRF2 nuclear translocation and HMOX1 production, which downregulates IL-13- and TGF-β1-mediated POSTN, TNC, VEGF, and CTGF expression by reducing ROS production, followed by the attenuation of fibrosis.
