Table 4.
Distribution range and habitat type for members of subgenera Fritillaria and Rhinopetalum.
| Species/Subspecies | Distribution range | Habitat |
|---|---|---|
| F. crassifolia ssp. kurdica | Azarbaijan: near Baku south to Kordestan near Marivan; Marand, Khoi to Tabriz road; north of Urmia; Kuh-e Sahand; S. foothills of Kuh-e Savalan; W. of Ardabil, pass between Ahar to Tabriz; SW. of Ahar; Bozqush. Kordestan: As far south as Sanandaj extending inland as far as Zanjan; between Marivan and Sanandaj; Dezli | Cliffs and stony banks along rivers, rocky plateau, slopes and ledges or sometimes on screes (but not the loose mobile screes that are the characteristic habitat of ssp. crassifolia); foothills and mountain steppes (1500–3500 m). |
| F. poluninii | West Azarbaijan: Mah Mt.; Qasemlu valley, near Urmia; a pass between Daraki and Nowsud; Hawraman Mt. Kermanshah: Eight-Frit Mountain. Kordestan: Sarv Abad; Seline village; Bandul village; Kale Tang | Limestone screes and grows well in deep soils by late snow patches at high altitudes (2200–2600 m). |
| F. reuteri | C & B: Cheshmeh Kuhrang, Sabze Kuh, Shahr-e Kord valley at foot of Zard Kuh. Esfahan: west of Esfahan, Chehel-Dokhtran Kuh, north-west Daran towards Arak, near Golestan Kuh (south of Khansar). | Boggy banks, wet rocky meadows and mountainous or hilly stony terrains (2500–3000 m) |
| F. straussii | Kermanshah: Kuh-e Sefid; Eight-Frit Mountain. Kordestan: Marivan; Dezli, all the way along the border with Iraq. | Shady places, rangelands of heavy soils and/or loose slopes dominated by Quercus spp. and large Apiaceae (1500–2100 m) |
| F. kotschyana ssp. kotschyana | Tehran: Mt. Alborz; Dizin pass. Guilan: Talysh; Massuleh; Rasht. Mazandaran: Chalus; Gachsar; Kandovan pass; Haraz valley. Golestan. E. Azarbayjan: Mianeh; Bozqush. Ardabil: Khalkhal. Kordestan: Saral | Stony soils often under bushes, rocky slopes and screes (2000–4000 m). |
| F. kotschyana ssp. grandiflora | Along Mt. Alborz scattered in Guilan: Talysh; Massuleh. Golestan: NW. side of the Jahan Nama protected area. | The same as F. kotschyana ssp. kotschyana (about 2200 m). |
| F. olivieri | Hamedan: Mt. Alvand; Ganjnameh; SW. of Hamedan. Kordestan: E. of Sanandaj. Lorestan: Khorramabad; Dorud. E. Azarbayjan: Tabriz | Damp meadows (2000–4000 m). |
| F. caucasica | East Azarbaijan: Tabriz; near Ahar | Subalpine meadows, stony areas of coniferous/oak forests or closed grasslands, grassy slopes, and shady, moist, peaty rock ledges on limestone in drier areas (1700–2900 m). |
| F. assyriaca | Throughout Zagros in W. Azarbaijan: Urmia; Sir kuh. Kermanshah: Eight-Frit Mountain. Kordestan: Sanandaj towards Hamedan. Lorestan: Khorram Abad; Azna; Dorud; Oshtoran Kuh. Fars: Kazerun to Behbahan; valley of Sepidan; Shiraz. Tehran. | Cultivated fields, mountain steppe, rocky slopes and stony hillsides/grounds (1000–2500 m). It is usually found in open habitats and has normal growth either in hot and dry or cool conditions. |
| F. uva-vulpis | Restricted to W. and NW. Iran: W. Azarbaijan: Urmia, 20 km SE. of Mahabad. Kordestan: Eight-Frit Mountain; Mahabad. | Zagrosian Quercus forest zone: crop fields and damp or marshy meadows (1000–2500 m). |
| F. avromanica | Kordestan: Marivan to Paveh (Hawraman area), Seline village; Abdalan Mt., 30 km to Sanandaj; Eight-Frit Mountain. | Rocky terrains and gravelly lands (1300–2100 m). |
| F. atrolineata | One locality in W. Azarbaijan province | Moist areas below cliffs (1500–1800 m). |
| F. chlorantha | Kordestan: Marivan. Hamedan: Alvand. Lorestan: Khorramabad, Gahar, Ushtran Kuh. | Mountain steppe among stones, and rocky and stony hillsides (1800–2000 m). |
| F. zagrica | From south Urmia Lake all the way down along Zagros chains: W. Azarbaijan: Takht-e Soleyman. Markazi: Arak to Golpaygan, 40 km, SE. of Arak; near Arak in Soltanabad village. Hamedan: Alvand Mt., Hamedan to Qazvin, 32 km from Hamedan; Asad Abad pass 23 km W. of Hamedan; Khorram Abad, 40 km S. of Arak. Lorestan: 23 km NE. of Azna. Kordestan: Salavat Abad valley, along the main road towards Sanandaj; Sanandaj to Hamedan, 12 km E. of Sanandaj. Esfahan: Kuh-e Darreh; Golpayegan to Damaneh, Kuh-e Darrebid; Khansar crown imperial plain | Mountain steppe, often by late snow patches (1800–3000 m). |
| F. chlororhabdota | W. Azarbaijan: Urmia-Salmas; Akhordarreh; Sir Kuh. Kordestan: Sanandaj, Salavat Abad valley. Lorestan: Azna; Dorud; Oshtoran Kuh; Khorram Abad | Widespread across Zagros ranges on grassy slopes, sometimes clumps, mountain steppes, stony hills, alpine pastures, rocky and grassy ledges, mainly associated with Euphorbia, Geranium, Thymus, Tulipa, Anthemis, Gagea, Stipa barbata, and grasses (1600–2000). |
| F. gibbosa | Widespread from northeast through northwest, east, center and southwest of Iran, along Zagros chain in W. Azarbaijan: Urmia; Khoi. E. Azarbaijan: Tabriz, 70 km NW Zanjan. Alborz: Karaj elevations. Tehran: Alborz, W side of the road from Tehran-Qom. Qazvin: Between Qazvin-Rasht. Markazi; SE. of Arak; Arak-Golpaygan. Semnan: Miami. Hamedan: NE. of Hamedan, 100 km north of Hamedan; Razan. Kordestan: 60 km east of Bijar. Lorestan: Khorram Abad; SW. of Dorud. C & B: Tangeye Sayyad. Razavi Khorassan: 17 km north of Torbate Heydarieh, on the road to Mashhad; 24 km north of Quchan; Kopet Daq; Between Kashmar and Rivash; Kuh-e Sorkh. Northern Khorassan: Around west of Bojnurd; near Almeh valley. Southern Khorassan. Fars: Niriz; near Marvdasht; Persepolis. Golestan: Gorgan, at the eastern end of the Caspian Sea | Adapted to arid and hot climates; usually associated with Artemisia; open stony or sandy places, steppes, scrubs, rocky screes (1000–2000 m). |
| F. ariana | Confined to east and northeastern Iran in the parts of Razavi Khorassan province, adjacent to the border of Afghanistan: Mash'had; Hari Rud valley, on the Iranian side of frontier; near Sarakhs as far south as Taybad. | Deserted areas, on mobile sand dunes and sandy hills and plains, with a mixture of small annuals, which usually flower and set seed very quickly before the arrival of the dry summer (500–1000 m). |