Table 1. Baseline characteristics and medications at discharge.
| Variables | Carvedilol group | No beta-blocker group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 394 | N = 400 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age | 63.9±11.2 | 64.5±11.3 | |
| >75years | 59(15%) | 64(16%) | |
| Male | 327(83%) | 312(78%) | |
| Body mass index | 24.0±3.3(N = 388) | 23.9±3.2(N = 392) | |
| <25.0kg/m2 | 250/387(64%) | 250/392(64%) | |
| Hypertension | 239(61%) | 234(59%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 191(48%) | 211(53%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 98(25%) | 81(20%) | |
| Treated with insulin therapy | 6(1.5%) | 12(3.0%) | |
| Current smoking | 186(47%) | 188(47%) | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 16(4.1%) | 9(2.3%) | |
| Prior stroke | 18(4.6%) | 19(4.8%) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 11(2.8%) | 9(2.3%) | |
| Prior PCI | 20(5.1%) | 21(5.3%) | |
| Family history of coronary artery disease | 68(17%) | 81(20%) | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 72.4±21.5 | 72.8±20.9 | |
| Hemodialysis | 2(0.5%) | 1(0.3%) | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 58.1±8.6(N = 390) | 58.0±8.9(N = 398) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.2±1.9 | 13.0±2.0 | |
| COPD | 5(1.3%) | 7(1.8%) | |
| Malignancy | 29(7.4%) | 23(5.8%) | |
| Presentation and charcteristics of STEMI | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121±21(N = 390) | 121±20(N = 398) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.2±14.8(N = 390) | 71.1±14.5(N = 398) | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 74.8±14.3(N = 382) | 73.2±13.9(N = 394) | |
| Location of STEMI | |||
| Anterior | 157(40%) | 153(38%) | |
| Inferior/Posterior | 203(52%) | 209(52%) | |
| Lateral | 34(8.6%) | 38(9.5%) | |
| Killip class | |||
| Ⅰ/Ⅱ | 388(98%) | 393(98%) | |
| Abnormal Q wave at admission | 126(32%) | 111(27%) | |
| Door to balloon time (minutes) | 60(54–90) | 66(54–102) (N = 399) | |
| Total ischemic time (hours) | 3.8(2.5–6.2) (N = 392) | 3.5(2.5–6.1) (N = 397) | |
| Peak CK | 1893(921–3427) (N = 393) | 2088(1057–3282) | |
| Angiographic and procedural characteristics | |||
| Infarct-related artery | |||
| LAD | 164(42%) | 172(43%) | |
| RCA | 185(47%) | 185(46%) | |
| LCX | 45(11%) | 43(11%) | |
| Extent of coronary artery disease | |||
| Single-vessel disease | 259(66%) | 264(66%) | |
| Two-vessel disease | 102(26%) | 90(23%) | |
| Three-vessel disease | 33(8.4%) | 46(12%) | |
| LMCA lesion | 9(2.3%) | 12(3.0%) | |
| Primary PCI | |||
| Stent use | 376(95%) | 382(96%) | |
| BMS use | 203/376(54%) | 212/382(56%) | |
| DES use | 176/376(46%) | 174/382(46%) | |
| EES use | 110/376(29%) | 108/382(28%) | |
| BES use | 22/376(5.9%) | 14/382(3.7%) | |
| SES use | 4/376(1.1%) | 6/382(1.6%) | |
| ZES use | 14/376(3.7%) | 14/382(3.7%) | |
| Maximal stent diameter (mm) | 3.2±0.5 | 3.2±0.5 | |
| 3(3–3.5) | 3(3–3.5) | ||
| Total stent length (mm) | 24.5±13.8 | 25.4±13.0 | |
| 23(18–28) | 23(18–28) | ||
| Thrombus aspiration | 330(84%) | 322(81%) | |
| Distal protection | 74(19%) | 69(17%) | |
| Temporary pacemaker | 33(8.4%) | 37(9.3%) | |
| IABP use | 20(5.1%) | 24(6.0%) | |
| Staged PCI | |||
| Staged PCI for non-infarct-related artery | 73/393(20%) | 89/399(22%) | |
| Target lesion | |||
| LAD | 40(10%) | 50(13%) | |
| RCA | 16(4.1%) | 21(5.3%) | |
| LCX | 37(9.4%) | 39(9.8%) | |
| LMCA | 2(0.5%) | 4(1.0%) | |
| Complete revascularization | 326/393(83%) | 326/399(82%) | |
| Medication at discharge | |||
| Aspirin | 388(98%) | 393(98%) | |
| Thienopyridine | 379(96%) | 377(94%) | |
| Clopidogrel | 370(94%) | 367(92%) | |
| Cilostazole | 5(1.3%) | 6(1.5%) | |
| Statin | 340(86%) | 345(86%) | |
| ACE-I/ARB | 296(75%) | 316(79%) | |
| ACE-I | 163(41%) | 186(47%) | |
| ARB | 133(34%) | 131(33%) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 54(14%) | 49(12%) | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 38(9.6%) | 35(8.8%) | |
| Nitrate | 44(11%) | 43(11%) | |
| Nicorandil | 63(16%) | 70(18%) | |
| Warfarin | 13(3.3%) | 9(2.3%) | |
| PPI | 303(77%) | 314(79%) | |
| H2 blocker | 51(13%) | 50(13%) | |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with interquartile range, and categorical variables as number (percentage). Number of patients evaluated was indicated for the variables with missing information.
PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; STEMI = ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; CK = creatine phosphokinase; LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; RCA = right coronary artery; LCX = left circumflex coronary artery; LMCA = left main coronary artery; BMS = bare-metal stents; DES = drug-eluting stents; EES = everolimus-eluting stent; BES = biolimus-eluting stent; SES = sirolimus-eluting stent; ZES = zotarolimus-eluting stent; IABP = intra-aortic balloon pumping; ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB = angiotensin-receptor blockers; H2 blockers = histamine type-2 receptor blockers.