Fig 5. The addition of graphene (A) and multi-walled CNTs (B) can reduce the negative effect of NaCl on germination of switchgrass seeds.

For positive control, seeds were placed on regular Murashige and Skoog medium. For negative control, seeds were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 100 mM NaCl. For treatment with CBNs, seeds were placed on MS medium supplemented with 100 mM NaCl and different concentrations of CNTs or graphene (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 μg/ml).