TABLE 2.
Change in Primary Outcome Variables Across Intervention
| Probiotic (n=8) | Placebo (n=11) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Gut Hormones | M (SE) | M (SE) | |
| Leptin | 2.1 (9.7) | −1.9 (8.2) | 0.68 |
| GLP-1 Total | 4.3 (13.8) | −0.5 (7.2) | 0.74 |
| GLP-1 Active | 121.4 (106.7) | 59.2 (58.8) | 0.62 |
| Ghrelin | 4.3 (11.6) | 8.8 (7.8) | 0.56 |
| PYY | −6.1 (6.2) | 16.9 (15.5) | 0.08 |
| Percent Change in Blood Parameters | |||
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 2.8 (1.9) | −0.8 (1.6) | 0.13 |
| Insulin (µU/ml) | 2.3 (1.3) | 0.2 (1.3) | 0.36 |
| Percent Change in Diversity Indices | |||
| Shannon Index | −7.1 (4.6) | −6.3 (3.4) | 0.93 |
| Simpson Index | −2.9 (1.7) | −2.7 (1.5) | 0.87 |
| Inverse Simpson | −13.6 (19.6) | −20.3 (11.6) | 0.87 |
| Richness | −3.8 (3.4) | −3.2 (5.2) | 0.62 |
| Evenness | −6.7 (4.2) | −5.6 (3.2) | 0.8 |
| Percent Change in Phylum-level Microbiota Logged Abundance | |||
| Actinobacteria | −4.4 (4.4) | 2 (1.7) | 0.16 |
| Bacteroidetes | 3.1 (2) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.74 |
| Cyanobacteria | −1.4 (9.2) | −0.9 (4.4) | 0.49 |
| Euryarchaeota | −6.9 (11.2) | −9.9 (8.1) | 0.56 |
| Firmicutes | −1 (0.8) | −1.1 (0.4) | 0.56 |
| Fusobacteria | −4.7 (5.1) | 13.7 (11.7) | 0.26 |
| Lentisphaerae | 0 (5.3) | −4.6 (6.6) | 0.86 |
| Proteobacteria | −2.5 (1.6) | 1.2 (2.9) | 0.62 |
| Tenericutes | −15 (10.8) | −5.7 (9.1) | 0.51 |
| Verrucomicrobia | 2.8 (25) | −5.9 (5.4) | 0.74 |
Data are unadjusted change scores, M (SE). P-value reflects the time by treatment interaction obtained from a linear mixed model controlling for baseline BMI.
*
Denotes significant difference in percent changes by intervention group at p < 0.05 using Welch t-tests