Table 1.
Percentages, means, standard deviations (in parentheses), and chi-square/t tests for research variables
| Variable | Vicarious | Traditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-affirmation | Control | Self-affirmation | Control | χ2/F | ||
| Age | 26.10 (2.73) | 25.74 (2.50) | 24.27(2.51) | 25.26 (3.06) | 2.32 | |
| Gender | 3.24 | |||||
| Females | 44.6% | 54.4% | 49.2% | 52.9% | ||
| Race | 29.17 | |||||
| White | 80% | 78.1% | 63% | 68.8% | ||
| Hispanic | 10.9% | 10.5% | 16.4% | 11.4% | ||
| Black | 6.4% | 5.3% | 11% | 6.3% | ||
| Asian | 1.8% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 3.8% | ||
| Education | 21.14 | |||||
| 4-year college | 33.3% | 26.3% | 30.2% | 28.6% | ||
| High school | 35.1% | 44.8% | 41.3% | 39.9% | ||
| Professional | 9% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 9.2% | ||
| General health | 3.70 (0.87) | 3.51 (0.91) | 3.34 (1.01) | 3.29 (0.94) | 2.74 | |
| Household income | 23.49 | |||||
| X ≤ 40k | 25.2% | 31.6% | 31.6% | 24.7% | ||
| 40k < X ≤ 70k | 48.3% | 43.5% | 45.5% | 38.9% | ||
| 70k < X | 26.5% | 24.9% | 22.9% | 36.4% | ||
| Political Ideology | 5.20 (1.69) | 5.00 (1.66) | 4.41 (1.83) | 4.51 (1.67) | 2.52 | |
| Experience with e-cigarettes | 14.05 | |||||
| X ≤ 6 months | 41.4% | 35.9% | 40.8% | 39.4% | ||
| 6 months < X ≤ 1 year | 15.3% | 14.9% | 12% | 15.1% | ||
| 1 year < X | 43.3% | 49.2% | 47.2% | 45.5% | ||
| E-cigarette use | 5.58 (3.37) | 5.57 (3.46) | 5.27 (3.65) | 5.76 (3.49) | 2.50 | |
Note. Political ideology was measured on a 10-point scale, ranging from 1 – “liberal” to 10 – “conservative”. General health was measured on a five-point scale, ranging from 1 - “poor” to 5 - “excellent”.