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. 2018 May 17;42(8):1431–1444. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0094-1

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© Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Obesity in male offspring at weaning: a experimental outline: female Sprague–Dawley rats (Dams) were fed low- (D-LF) or high-fat (D-HF) diet 6 weeks before conception, and throughout gestation and lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 2, the litter size was reduced to n = 10 per dam. On PND 21, one-third of the offspring were culled and the remaining pups from D-HF and D-LF were weaned onto low-fat diet for 5 weeks. At 8 weeks of age, the offspring were divided into groups receiving LF or HF diet until 20 weeks of age. This resulted in four groups of offspring: (1) Dams on LF diet and offspring on LF diet (D-LF/O-LF), (2) Dams on LF diet and offspring on HF diet (D-LF/O-HF), (3) Dams on HF diet and offspring on LF diet (D-HF/O-LF), (4) Dams on HF diet and offspring on HF diet (D-HF/O-HF). b Body weight of male offspring of D-LF or D-HF measured from 2 days to 3 weeks of age (two-way ANOVA with repeated measures: maternal diet effect, †††p < 0.0002; time effect, p < 0.0001; interaction, p < 0.0001: D-LF, n = 6; D-HF, n = 7. Post-hoc Bonferroni **p = 0.0087, ****p < 0.0001). c Total Body weight gain of offspring between birth and 3 weeks of age (Student’s t-test, D-LF, n = 6; D-HF, n = 7, ***p = 0.0004). d Adipose tissue weights of 3-week-old offspring (Student’s t-test, D-LF, n = 22; D-HF, n = 18) and e plasma leptin levels in the offspring recorded at 3 weeks of age (Mann–Whitney U-test, n = 9, ****p < 0.0001, Z = − 3.576, η2 = 0.75). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM.