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. 2018 May 17;42(8):1431–1444. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0094-1

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© Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Obesity in adult male offspring. a Body weight of offspring from LF- and HF-fed dams who were weaned onto LF diet for 5 weeks and then fed either LF or HF diet from week 8 until week 20 (three-way ANOVA with repeated measures: maternal diet effect, p < 0.0001; postweaning diet effect, p < 0.0001; time effect, p < 0.0001; time × maternal diet, p = 0.0001; postweaning diet × maternal diet interaction, p < 0.0001; n = 12 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 16. Post-hoc Bonferroni, ab*, p < 0.0001 compared with all other groups; ab, p < 0.0001 compared with D-LF/O-LF and D-LF/O-HF; a, p < 0.01 compared with D-LF/O-LF). b Body weight gain from 8 to 20 weeks of age (two-way ANOVA: postweaning diet effect, ^‡‡‡‡P < 0.0001; post-hoc Tukey’s test, n = 12 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 16). c Average daily calorific intake of offspring (three-way ANOVA with repeated measures: maternal diet effect, p < 0.0001; postweaning diet effect, p < 0.0001; time effect, p < 0.0001; time × maternal diet interaction, p = 0.0161; time × postweaning diet interaction, p < 0.0001; maternal diet × postweaning diet interaction, p < 0.0001; time × maternal diet × postweaning diet interaction, p = 0.0181; n = 12 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 16. Post-hoc Bonferroni, ab*, p < 0.0001 compared with all other groups; a, p < 0.05 compared with D-LF/O-LF; b p < 0.001 compared with D-LF/O-LF). d Feeding efficiency of offspring fed with either LF or HF diet for 12 weeks (two-way ANOVA: postweaning diet effect, ^‡‡P = 0.0013; post-hoc Tukey’s test, n = 12 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 16). e Epididymal fat pad weight (two-way ANOVA: maternal diet effect, P < 0.0001; postweaning diet effect, P < 0.0001; post-hoc Tukey’s, n = 12 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 16), Subcutaneous fat pad weight (two-way ANOVA: maternal diet effect, P = 0.0002; postweaning diet effect, P = 0.0258; post-hoc Tukey’s, D-LF/O-LF, n = 5; D-HF/O-LF, n = 12; D-LF/O-HF, n = 12; D-HF/O-HF, n = 16) and mesenteric fat pad weight (two-way ANOVA: postweaning diet effect, ^‡P = 0.0107: D-LF/O-LF, n = 12; D-HF/O-LF, n = 12; D-LF/O-HF, n = 10; D-HF/O-HF, n = 16). f Plasma leptin levels in the offspring at week 20 (n = 10 per group except D-HF/O-HF group, n = 8). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001