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. 2018 Aug 28;8:12947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31221-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Salt tolerance experiments of bare AuNPs, AuNP-Bruno aptamer (100 nM), and AuNP-Bruno aptamer + VTD3 (1 µM and 20 µM, respectively) when using vortexing and centrifugation sensing methods. Optimal salt concentration is indicated by the black arrow. (B) Colorimetric aptasensor response towards a range of VTD3 concentrations (µM range) using the AuNP−Bruno aptamer (vortexed and centrifuged) compared with control experiments using AuNP-70-mer random ssDNA exposed to the same experimental steps. Top panels show photos of the sensor response in vortexed and centrifuged conditions for both cases. Raw UV-visible spectra are provided in the Supporting Information. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean of three independent experiments starting from particle functionalization.