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. 2018 Aug 28;8:12959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31201-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The direct current, temperature and pulse voltage dependences of the switching field. H_sw as a function of I² and T for Pt/Co/SmO_x (a) and Pt/Co/AlO_x (b), showing the effect of the current-induced Joule heating. H_sw against V_p at various T_p for Pt/Co/SmO_x (c) and Pt/Co/AlO_x (d), showing the effect of the current-induced spin-orbit torques.