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. 2018 Aug 28;8:12959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31201-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Current-induced magnetization reversal. (a) H_sw versus θ. θ is the angle between the z axis and H_ext in the x-z plane. (b) Schematic diagram illustrating the current-induced magnetization switching process. The perpendicular component $Δ H_{D L}^{x}$ = ΔH_DLcosδ of ΔH_DL causes a rotation of the magnetization away from the easy axis, whereas the parallel component $Δ H_{D L}^{z}$ = ΔH_DLsinδ is responsible for the irreversible switching. Current-induced magnetization reversal curves for Pt/Co/SmO_x (c) and Pt/Co/AlO_x (d) with an in-plane bias magnetic field of H_x = ± 200 Oe.