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. 2018 Aug 22;9:1863. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01863

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) induces a dose- and time-dependent expression of inflammatory cytokines in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. THP-1 cells were treated with molar 100× (7.81 mM, 1,000 µg/ml), 10× (0.78 mM, 100.0 µg/ml), and 1× (0.078 mM, 10.0 µg/ml) CaOx (blue); 100× (6.84 mM, 1,138 µg/ml), 10× (0.68 mM, 113.8 µg/ml), and 1× (0.068 mM, 11.4 µg/ml) potassium oxalate (gray, K2Ox); 100× (1.99 mM, 1,000 µg/ml), 10× (0.20 mM, 100.0 µg/ml), and 1× (0.020 mM, 10.0 µg/ml l) hydroxyapatite (orange, HA); or untreated controls (red, UTx). Following treatment, cells were incubated for 2, 4, or 8 h. Total RNA was purified from respective cell pellets and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR for relative fold expression of TNFα (A), IL-1β (B), IL-8 (C), IL-10 (D), IL-23 (E), and CCL2 (F). mRNA expression was normalized with 18s RNA respectively. All results are expressed as relative fold change units (RFU) ± SD from four independent experiments. *p < 0.05 compared to UTx.