Abstract
AIM
To investigate the vascular anatomy of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) in laparoscopic radical resection with the preservation of left colic artery (LCA) for rectal cancer.
METHODS
A total of 110 patients with rectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgical resection with preservation of the LCA were retrospectively reviewed. A 3D vascular reconstruction was performed before each surgical procedure to assess the branches of the IMA. During surgery, the relationship among the IMA, LCA, sigmoid artery (SA) and superior rectal artery (SRA) was evaluated, and the length from the origin of the IMA to the point of branching into the LCA or common trunk of LCA and SA was measured. The relationship between inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and LCA was also evaluated.
RESULTS
Three vascular types were identified in this study. In type A, LCA arose independently from IMA (46.4%, n = 51); in type B, LCA and SA branched from a common trunk of the IMA (23.6%, n = 26); and in type C, LCA, SA, and SRA branched at the same location (30.0%, n = 33). The difference in the length from the origin of IMA to LCA was not statistically significant among the three types. LCA was located under the IMV in 61 cases and above the IMV in 49 cases.
CONCLUSION
The vascular anatomy of the IMA and IMV is essential for laparoscopic radical resection with preservation of the LCA for rectal cancer. To recognize different branches of the IMA is necessary for the resection of lymph nodes and dissection of vessels.
Keywords: Inferior mesenteric artery, Left colic artery, Rectal cancer, Laparoscopic
Core tip: One hundred and ten patients who underwent laparoscopic surgical resection with preservation of left colic artery (LCA) for rectal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. The 3D reconstruction of the vasculature was performed before surgical procedures. The types of branch vessels of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) were classified. Furthermore, in the operations, relationships between the IMA, sigmoid artery (SA), LCA and superior rectal artery (SRA) were evaluated. The relationship between LCA and inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) was also evaluated. To recognize different branches of the IMA is necessary for the resection of lymph nodes and dissection of vessels during laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer.
INTRODUCTION
In laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer, high-tie of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) at its origin is essential for en bloc lymph node dissection. Some researchers have demonstrated the clinical significance of lymph node dissection from the origin of the IMA for postoperative staging and prognosis[1]. However, high tie at the origin of the IMA may lead to postoperative poor anastomotic perfusion, which increases the incidence of anastomotic leakage[2,3]. Many surgeons prefer a low-tie technique, which ligates the IMA while preserving the left colic artery (LCA) after lymph nodes around the IMA were dissected[4,5]. A clear understanding of the vascular anatomy of the IMA and inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is essential for this low-tie procedure. However, there are multiple types of branch vessels originating from the IMA that makes this surgical procedure technically demanding[6]. We studied the vascular anatomy of the IMA to safely and effectively dissect the lymph nodes around the IMA while preserving the LCA in a laparoscopic procedure for rectal cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient data
Following approval of the Ethics Committee on Scientific Research of our hospital, the records of 110 patients, who underwent laparoscopic surgical resection with preservation of the LCA for rectal cancer from March 2016 to November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The research participants were recruited from the Department of General Surgery of Qilu Hospital, a teaching hospital of Shandong University in Shandong, China. The data of patient age, sex ratio, BMI, and histopathological stage were observed and compared.
Preoperative assessment of vascular anatomy by 3D reconstruction
The 3D reconstruction of the vascular anatomy was performed in all cases before surgery. The types of branch vessels of the IMA as well as the length from the origin of the IMA to the LCA were determined.
Surgical procedure
Laparoscopic surgery was performed by a single operating team consisting of two senior surgeons and three staff surgeons. During the operation, the patients were placed in lithotomy position. Multi-incision laparoscopic surgery was performed. That was, we placed five ports including the optical port. There were the first 10 mm trocar in the umbilicus as the optical port, another 12-mm trocar, and three 5-mm trocars. We established pneumoperitoneum and maintained abdominal pneumoperitoneum pressure at 12 mmHg. Sharp dissections were performed using a laparoscopic ultrasound knife. First, the small intestine was pulled on its cephalic side to allow for sufficient surgical space. Second, the sigmoid colon mesentery was mobilized with medial to lateral approach up to the origin of the IMA. Lymphous and adipic tissues were resected along the IMA down to the point of branching into the LCA or common trunk of LCA and sigmoid artery (SA). The dissection was then conducted from the LCA until the IMV could be identified. The IMV was exposed to the plane of the origin of the IMA. After the dissection, the vessels were ligated and cut with the preservation of the LCA. The superior hypogastric nerve and left ureter were carefully preserved during the procedure.
During surgery, the relationship among the IMA, LCA, SA, and superior rectal artery (SRA) was evaluated, and the length from the origin of the IMA to the point of branching into the LCA or common trunk of LCA and SA was measured. In addition, the relationship between LCA and IMV was also evaluated. The number of resected lymph nodes and the incidence of metastasis to station 253 nodes were recorded. Furthermore, the incidence of anastomotic bleeding and anastomotic leakage, and the length of postoperative hospital stay were investigated.
Statistical analysis
All experimental data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). There were three groups of samples in this study. The three groups were compared by single factor analysis of variance (single factor ANOVA) and homogeneity of variance. The comparison between the two groups was used on the LSD method. The count data were represented by the value/percentage (%), and the three groups were compared with the chi square test and Fisher accurate test. When the theoretical number T < 5, the Fisher test value was used, if not, the Pearson chi square test was used.
RESULTS
Clinical characteristics of the patients
The data of patient age, sex ratio, BMI, and histopathological stage are shown in Table 1. There were no statistically significant differences among the three types.
Table 1.
Patient characteristic data
| Factors | Type A (n = 51) | Type B (n = 26) | Type C (n = 33) | Statistical value | P value |
| Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 58.6 ± 14.1 | 60.4 ± 15.0 | 62.3 ± 12.9 | F = 2.881 | 0.06 |
| Male, n (%) | 31 (60.8) | 15 (57.7) | 18 (54.5) | Pearson χ2 = 0.324 | 0.85 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 5.4 | 24.8 ± 4.9 | 25.1 ± 4.6 | F = 0.331 | 0.72 |
| Stage (UICC 8th) | Fisher = 1.510 | 0.84 | |||
| I | 7 | 5 | 6 | ||
| II | 26 | 10 | 16 | ||
| III | 18 | 11 | 11 |
P < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; UICC: Union for International Cancer Control.
Vascular study
IMA, LCA, SA, and SRA were studied in 110 cases by preoperative 3D reconstruction of the vascular anatomy (Figure 1A-C) and laparoscopic surgery (Figure 2A-C). Three vascular types were identified in the study: type A (Figures 1A, 2A, and 3A), LCA arose independently from the IMA (46.4%, n = 51); type B (Figures 1B, 2B, and 3B), LCA and SA branched from a common trunk of the IMA (23.6%, n = 26); and type C (Figures 1C, 2C, and 3C), LCA, SA, and SRA branched at the same location (30.0%, n = 33). The length from the origin of the IMA to the LCA is displayed in Table 2. There was no statistically significant difference among the three types.
Figure 1.
Preoperative 3D reconstruction of inferior mesenteric artery, left colic artery, sigmoid artery and superior rectal artery. A: Type A, LCA arose independently from IMA. B: type B, LCA and SA branched from a common trunk from IMA. C: type C, LCA, SA, and SRA branched off at the same point. IMA: Inferior mesenteric artery; LCA: Left colic artery; SA: Sigmoid artery; SRA: Superior rectal artery.
Figure 2.
Inferior mesenteric artery, left colic artery, sigmoid artery and superior rectal artery in laparoscopic operation. A: Type A, LCA arose independently from IMA. B: type B, LCA and SA branched from a common trunk from IMA. C: type C, LCA, SA, and SRA branched off at the same point. IMA: Inferior mesenteric artery; LCA: Left colic artery; SA: Sigmoid artery; SRA: Superior rectal artery.
Figure 3.
Vascular schematic diagram of inferior mesenteric artery, left colic artery, sigmoid artery and superior rectal artery. A: Type A, LCA arose independently from IMA. B: type B, LCA and SA branched from a common trunk from IMA. C: type C, LCA, SA, and SRA branched off at the same point. AA: Abdominal aorta; IMA: Inferior mesenteric artery; LCA: Left colic artery; SA: Sigmoid artery; SRA: Superior rectal artery.
Table 2.
Results of vascular anatomy
| Factors | Type A (n = 51) | Type B (n = 26) | Type C (n = 33) | Statistical value | P value |
| Length from the IMA to the LCA (mm) (mean ± SD) | 35.2 ± 8.7 | 37.8 ± 9.4 | 41.3 ± 11.5 | F = 1.976 | 0.144 |
| No. of LCA under IMV | 27 (52.9%) | 14 (53.8%) | 20 (60.6%) | Pearson χ2 = 0.512 | 0.802 |
P < 0.05. IMA: Inferior mesenteric artery; IMV: Inferior mesenteric vein; LCA: Left colic artery.
In laparoscopic surgery, the relationship between the location of LCA and IMV was observed. The LCA was located under the IMV in 61 cases and above the IMV in 49 cases. The ratio regarding the location of the LCA under the IMV in the three types was similar (Table 2).
Surgical outcome
As shown in Table 3, the data of operating time, blood loss, and the length of postoperative hospital stay were not statistically significant among the three groups. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in the dissected lymph node numbers. The incidence of metastasis to station 253 nodes was 4.5% (5 of 110). The postoperative complications included anastomotic bleeding in two cases and anastomotic leakage in two cases. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups.
Table 3.
Surgical outcome of patients
| Type A (n = 51) | Type B (n = 26) | Type C (n = 33) | Statistical value | P value | |
| Operation time (min) | 153.4 ± 26.8 | 168.7 ± 31.6 | 161.4 ± 25.8 | F = 1.618 | 0.20 |
| Blood loss (g) | 37.5 ± 18.4 | 42.1 ± 17.7 | 39.6 ± 20.1 | F = 1.383 | 0.26 |
| Lymph node numbers (n, mean ± SD) | 15.7 ± 8.3 | 17.2 ± 8.1 | 16.8 ± 9.0 | F = 0.620 | 0.54 |
| Metastasis to station 253 lymph nodes (n) | 2 | 1 | 1 | Fisher = 0.368 | 1.00 |
| Anastomotic bleeding | 1 | 1 | Fisher = 0.930 | 0.10 | |
| Anastomotic leakage | 1 | 1 | Fisher = 1.407 | 0.72 | |
| Postoperative hospitalized days | 9 (7-21) | 9 (6-18) | 9 (7-13) | χ2 = 0.863 | 0.65 |
P < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
In laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer, according to the location of the tie of the IMA, it is divided into the high-tie of the IMA at its origin and the low-tie of the IMA below the branch into the LCA with preservation of the LCA. Currently, there is still controversy regarding the indications for high-tie or low-tie approaches[7-9]. In traditional rectal cancer surgery, a high tie of the IMA is preferred. However, some anatomical studies suggest that anastomotic perfusion is diminished after the high-tie of the IMA[3]. Consequently, postoperative poor anastomotic perfusion increased the incidence of anastomotic leakage[10,11]. LCA can increase the blood supply of anastomotic and proximal colorectum. The Riolan artery arch is an anastomotic branch between ascending branches of the LCA and the left branches of the middle colonic artery. It is vital to the blood supply of the anastomotic and proximal colorectum. The Riolan arch exists in about 7.6% of the Chinese population[12]. In patients with absence of the Riolan arch, left hemicolon relies on blood supply from the IMA, and the high-tie technique causes ischemic changes of anastomotic stoma easily. Some Chinese surgeons have found that the absence of the Riolan arch is an independent risk factor for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer[13]. So the low-tie technique with preservation of the LCA to maintain the blood supply is recommended[14,15]. Furthermore, more and more research has indicated that the preservation of the LCA decreases the rate of anastomotic leakage[2,14,15].
A clear understanding of the vascular anatomy of the IMA and IMV is the essential knowledge required to conduct this surgical procedure. There are multiple types of branch vessels of the IMA that makes this surgery technically demanding. In our study, the branching patterns of the IMA can be divided into three groups by preoperative 3D vascular reconstruction and laparoscopic surgery (Figures 1 and 2). However, in other studies, there is a fourth pattern with the absence of the LCA[6,16]. Similarly, the relationship between the LCA and IMV was also observed. In 61 of the 110 cases, the LCA ran under the IMV. In these cases, during dissection of the LCA, extreme caution should be taken, and ligation of the SMV was performed first in order to avoid any damage to the IMV. Although there is still uncertainty with regard to the technical difficulty of the procedure, Sekimoto et al[17] have demonstrated that compared to the high-tie technique, the low-tie procedure did not prolong the operating time and did not increase the amount of intraoperative bleeding. In the present study, compared with other previous studies on high ligation, the operating time was not prolonged significantly[17,18]. In addition, the incidence of postoperative complications was relatively low owing to the familiarity with anatomy and meticulous operation. According to our results, low-tie of the IMA with preservation of the LCA was safe and feasible.
Lymph node metastasis plays a crucial role in the prognosis of rectal cancer[18]. It was demonstrated that lymph node dissection around the IMA prolonged the survival of patients with lymph node metastasis. Low-tie of the IMA with preservation of the LCA was suspected to hinder the lymph nodes resection surrounding the IMA. A prospective study showed that the low-tie group had a similar number of lymph nodes dissected compared to the high-tie group[19]. Other studies compared the prognosis between high-tie and low-tie, and found that the overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) were similar between the two treatments, even in those with lymph node metastases[5]. In the present study, the number of lymph nodes dissected with the low-tie technique for rectal cancer (Table 1) was similar to other studies[1,6]. Nonetheless, our study did not include a high-tie control group, which is a major limitation to the results and prevents an effective discussion to be established to address these problems.
In conclusion, knowledge of the anatomy of the branch vessels originating from the IMA and the relationship between the IMA and IMV are essential in order to conduct a laparoscopic radical resection with preservation of the LCA for rectal cancer. To recognize the different branches of the IMA is necessary for the resection of lymph nodes and dissection of vessels.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
In laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer, according to the location of the tie of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), it is divided into the high-tie of the IMA at its origin and the low-tie of the IMA below the branch into the left colic artery (LCA) with preservation of the LCA. Currently, there is still controversy regarding the indications for high-tie or low-tie approaches.
Research motivation
In laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer, high-tie of the IMA at its origin is essential for en bloc lymph node dissection. We studied the vascular anatomy of the IMA to safely and effectively dissect the lymph nodes around the IMA while preserving the LCA in a laparoscopic procedure for rectal cancer.
Research objectives
We aimed to investigate the vascular anatomy of IMA in laparoscopic radical resection with the preservation of LCA for rectal cancer.
Research methods
The records of 110 patients, who underwent laparoscopic surgical resection with preservation of the LCA for rectal cancer from March 2016 to November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The research participants were recruited from the Department of General Surgery of Qilu Hospital, a teaching hospital of Shandong University in Shandong, China. A 3D vascular reconstruction was performed before each surgical procedure to assess the branches of the IMA. During surgery, the relationship among the IMA, LCA, sigmoid artery (SA) and superior rectal artery (SRA) was evaluated.
Research results
IMA, LCA, SA, and SRA were studied in 110 cases by preoperative 3D reconstruction of the vascular anatomy and laparoscopic surgery. Three vascular types were identified in the study: type A, LCA arose independently from the IMA (46.4%, n = 51); type B, LCA and SA branched from a common trunk of the IMA (23.6%, n = 26); and type C, LCA, SA, and SRA branched at the same location (30.0%, n = 33). There was no statistically significant difference in the length from the origin of the IMA to the LCA among the three types. In laparoscopic surgery, the LCA was located under the IMV in 61 cases and above the IMV in 49 cases. The ratio regarding the location of the LCA under the IMV in the three types was similar. The data of operating time, blood loss, and the length of postoperative hospital stay were not statistically significant among the three types. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in the dissected lymph node numbers. The incidence of metastasis to station 253 nodes was 4.5% (5 of 110). The postoperative complications included anastomotic bleeding in two cases and anastomotic leakage in two cases.
Research conclusions
Knowledge of the anatomy of the branch vessels originating from the IMA and the relationship between the IMA and IMV are essential in order to conduct a laparoscopic radical resection with preservation of the LCA for rectal cancer. To recognize the different branches of the IMA is necessary for the resection of lymph nodes and dissection of vessels.
Research perspectives
We studied the vascular anatomy of the IMA to safely and effectively dissect the lymph nodes around the IMA while preserving the LCA in a laparoscopic procedure for rectal cancer. However, in the light of the limited evidence, the clinical benefit needs more high-quality RCT studies.
Footnotes
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country of origin: China
Peer-review report classification
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Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare there are no competing interests in this study.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The experimental method of this study was not a randomized controlled trial.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Peer-review started: July 2, 2018
First decision: July 11, 2018
Article in press: July 21, 2018
P- Reviewer: Chen Y, Ong J, Tsegmed U S- Editor: Gong ZM L- Editor: Filipodia E- Editor: Yin SY
Contributor Information
Ke-Xin Wang, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
Zhi-Qiang Cheng, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
Zhi Liu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
Xiao-Yang Wang, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
Dong-Song Bi, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China. bds20180512@sina.com.
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