Table 2.
Population characteristics in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)
| Population Characteristics | n (%) | Pollution Burden Quintile | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 10,620 (19.7) | 139 (35.0) | 583 (53.5) | 2042 (38.3) | 4113 (20.0) | 3665 (14.0) |
| Hispanic | 32,302 (60.0) | 212 (53.4) | 357 (32.8) | 2186 (41.0) | 12,314 (59.7) | 17,210 (65.5) |
| Black | 3095 (5.8) | * | 17 (1.6) | 226 (4.2) | 1159 (5.6) | 1689 (6.4) |
| Asian | 5675 (10.5) | * | 100 (9.2) | 512 (9.6) | 2141 (10.4) | 2899 (11.0) |
| American Indian/Alaska native | 546 (1.0) | 19 (4.8) | * | 70 (1.3) | 201 (1.0) | 245 (0.9) |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 70 (0.1) | * | * | * | 40 (0.2) | 19 (0.1) |
| Other race | 581 (1.1) | * | * | 171 (3.2) | 244 (1.2) | 155 (0.6) |
| Two or more races | 954 (1.8) | * | * | 122 (2.3) | 406 (2.0) | 395 (1.5) |
| Infant sex | ||||||
| Male | 27,354 (50.8) | 208 (52.4) | 569 (52.3) | 2675 (50.1) | 10,437 (50.6) | 13,391 (51.0) |
| Female | 26,489 (49.2) | 189 (47.6) | 520 (47.8) | 2663 (49.9) | 10,180 (49.4) | 12,886 (49.0) |
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | ||||||
| < 18 | 2263 (4.2) | 19 (4.8) | 22 (2.0) | 132 (2.5) | 801 (3.9) | 1288 (4.9) |
| 18–34 | 45,552 (84.6) | 340 (84.6) | 864 (79.3) | 4420 (82.8) | 17,506 (84.9) | 22,331 (85.0) |
| > 34 | 6028 (11.2) | 38 (9.6) | 203 (18.6) | 786 (14.7) | 2311 (11.2) | 2658 (10.1) |
| Maternal education (years) | ||||||
| < 12 | 16,607 (30.8) | 85 (21.4) | 132 (12.1) | 990 (18.6) | 5877 (28.5) | 9522 (36.2) |
| 12 | 15,195 (28.2) | 159 (40.1) | 232 (21.3) | 1275 (23.9) | 6063 (29.4) | 7456 (28.4) |
| > 12 | 22,041 (40.9) | 153 (38.5) | 725 (66.6) | 3073 (57.6) | 8678 (42.1) | 9299 (35.4) |
| WIC participanta | ||||||
| Yes | 39,404 (73.2) | 287 (72.4) | 436 (40.0) | 2760 (51.7) | 15,190 (73.7) | 20,723 (79.0) |
| No | 14,439 (26.8) | 150 (37.8) | 655 (60.2) | 2532 (47.4) | 5305 (25.7) | 5192 (9.8) |
| Payer for delivery costs | ||||||
| Private insurance | 13,949 (25.9) | 150 (37.8) | 655 (60.2) | 2532 (47.4) | 5305 (25.7) | 5192 (9.8) |
| Medi-Cal | 39,040 (72.5) | 222 (55.9) | 399 (36.6) | 2730 (51.1) | 15,015 (72.8) | 20,665 (78.6) |
| Other government payer | 651 (1.2) | * | 22 (2.0) | 20 (0.4) | 36 (0.2) | 43 (0.2) |
| Self-pay | 134 (0.3) | * | * | 50 (0.9) | 230 (1.1) | 346 (1.3) |
| Other payer | 2 (0.0) | * | * | * | * | * |
| No pay | 67 (0.1) | * | * | * | 31 (0.2) | 30 (0.1) |
| Place of mother’s birth | ||||||
| United States | 35,911 (66.7) | 317 (79.9) | 825 (75.8) | 3881 (72.7) | 13,930 (67.6) | 16,854 (64.1) |
| Mexico | 13,174 (24.5) | 68 (17.1) | 121 (11.1) | 737 (13.8) | 4865 (23.6) | 7382 (28.1) |
| Other | 4758 (8.8) | 12 (3.0) | 143 (13.1) | 720 (13.5) | 1823 (8.8) | 2041 (7.8) |
| Maternal conditionsb | ||||||
| Diabetes, preexisting | 565 (1.1) | * | * | 33 (0.6) | 220 (1.7) | 302 (1.2) |
| Diabetes, gestational | 4875 (9.1) | 42 (10.6) | 86 (7.9) | 429 (8.0) | 1796 (8.7) | 2517 (9.6) |
| Hypertension, preexisting | 915 (1.7) | * | * | 103 (1.9) | 351 (1.7) | 436 (1.7) |
| Without preeclampsia | 649 (1.2) | * | * | 75 (1.4) | 254 (1.2) | 298 (1.1) |
| With preeclampsia | 266 (0.5) | * | * | 28 (0.5) | 97 (0.5) | 138 (0.5) |
| Hypertension, gestational | 3004 (5.6) | * | 47 (4.3) | 294 (5.5) | 1083 (5.3) | 1564 (6.0) |
| Without preeclampsia | 1224 (2.3) | * | 21 (1.9) | 140 (2.6) | 424 (2.1) | 629 (2.4) |
| With preeclampsia | 1780 (3.3) | * | 26 (2.4) | 154 (2.9) | 659 (3.2) | 936 (3.6) |
| Infection | 7402 (13.8) | 45 (11.3) | 102 (9.4) | 562 (10.5) | 2805 (13.6) | 3789 (14.8) |
| Anemia | 4187 (7.8) | 31 (7.8) | 73 (6.7) | 423 (7.9) | 1887 (9.2) | 2725 (10.4) |
| Mental Illness | 1231 (2.3) | * | 35 (3.2) | 155 (2.9) | 680 (3.3) | 954 (3.6) |
| Reported Smoking | 276 (0.5) | 27 (6.8) | 89 (8.2) | 451 (8.5) | 1664 (8.1) | 1947 (7.4) |
| Reported Drug Abuse | 1835 (3.4) | * | * | 94 (1.8) | 423 (2.1) | 697 (2.7) |
| Reported Alcohol Dependence | 5147 (9.6) | |||||
| Trimester when prenatal care began | ||||||
| 1st | 45,632 (84.8) | 307 (77.3) | 940 (86.3) | 4659 (87.3) | 17,575 (85.2) | 22,032 (83.9) |
| 2nd | 4846 (9.0) | 66 (16.6) | 93 (8.5) | 341 (6.4) | 1726 (8.4) | 2619 (10.0) |
| 3rd | 696 (1.3) | * | 20 (1.8) | 76 (1.4) | 246 (1.2) | 340 (1.3) |
| Multiparous sample | 35,638 | 261 | 708 | 3354 | 13,591 | 17,651 |
| Previous Cesarean-section | 9179 (25.8) | 78 (29.9) | 208 (29.4) | 886 (26.4) | 3520 (25.9) | 4462 (25.3) |
| Previous Preterm Birth | 403 (1.1) | * | * | 48 (1.4) | 168 (1.2) | 178 (1.0) |
| Interpregnancy Interval c | ||||||
| < 6 months | 2283 (6.4) | 21 (8.1) | 28 (4.0) | 174 (5.2) | 853 (6.3) | 1207 (6.8) |
| 6–23 months | 11,683 (32.8) | 76 (29.1) | 271 (38.3) | 1142 (34.1) | 4407 (32.4) | 5748 (32.6) |
| 24–59 months | 13,671 (38.4) | 112 (42.9) | 253 (35.7) | 1233 (36.8) | 5208 (38.3) | 6843 (38.8) |
| > 59 months | 5371 (15.1) | 34 (13.0) | 95 (13.4) | 527 (15.7) | 2099 (15.4) | 2610 (14.8) |
*n < 16
aWIC Participation – Women, Infants and Children food and nutrition service
bDetermined by ICD-9 codes in maternal discharge records: preexisting diabetes (ICD-9 code 250 and 648.0), gestational diabetes (648.8), preexisting hypertension (642.0, 642.1, 642.2, 642.7), gestational hypertension (642.3), preeclampsia/eclampsia (642.4, 642.4, 642.6), infection (646.5, 646.6, 647), anemia (648.2), mental illness (648.4)
cNumber of months between the delivery date of the preceding live birth and the conception date of the index pregnancy