Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of environmental indicators by preterm birth status in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)
| Environmental exposure | Preterm Birth | Full Term Birth |
|---|---|---|
| < 37 weeks (N = 4560) | ≥37 weeks (N = 49,283) | |
| Exposures Score | ||
| Mean (SD) | 64.46 (9.83) | 63.53 (10.34) |
| Median (IQR) | 65.23 (60.15–70.14) | 64.71 (58.94–69.47) |
| Ozone | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.09) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.32 (0.27–0.37) | 0.32 (0.28–0.38) |
| Pesticides | ||
| Mean (SD) | 452.78 (912.72) | 477.23 (965.8) |
| Median (IQR) | 10.33 (0.00–505.73) | 10.33 (0.00–524.69) |
| PM2.5 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 14.18 (1.13) | 14.09 (1.26) |
| Median (IQR) | 14.28 (13.89–14.53) | 14.25 (13.83–14.51) |
| Diesel PM | ||
| Mean (SD) | 25.99 (17.66) | 24.92 (17.54) |
| Median (IQR) | 22.96 (7.93–42.94) | 20.79 (7.38–41.76) |
| Toxic Release | ||
| Mean (SD) | 3111.81 (9510.54) | 2874.46 (9198.78) |
| Median (IQR) | 469.15 (272.01–1109.65) | 381.64 (236.93–1037.49) |
| Traffic | ||
| Mean (SD) | 692.44 (471.82) | 670.75 (467.61) |
| Median (IQR) | 621.44 (299.40–941.13) | 605.60 (267.04–929.61) |
| Drinking Water | ||
| Mean (SD) | 454.91 (114.09) | 453.59 (117.42) |
| Median (IQR) | 406.83 (406.83–513.41) | 406.83 (406.83–514.09) |
| Arsenic | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1.38 (2.26) | 1.40 (2.24) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.70 (0.70–0.84) | 0.70 (0.70–0.86) |
| Cadmium | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.0007 (0.0076) | 0.0006 (0.0068) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.03 (0.03–0.03) | 0.03 (0.03–0.03) |
| Hexavalent chromium | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.27 (0.63) | 0.27 (0.62) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.07) |
| Lead | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.13 (0.40) | 0.14 (0.43) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) |
| Nitrate | ||
| Mean (SD) | 21.36 (7.36) | 21.30 (7.68) |
| Median (IQR) | 25.30 (16.74–25.30) | 25.30 (16.71–25.30) |
| Perchlorate | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.06 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.32) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
| Trichloroethylene (TCE) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.15 (0.00–0.15) | 0.15 (0.00–0.15) |
| Trihalomethane (THM) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 4.53 (9.80) | 5.13 (11.22) |
| Median (IQR) | 2.66 (0.96–2.66) | 2.66 (0.96–2.66) |
| Uranium | ||
| Mean (SD) | 3.38 (1.75) | 3.36 (1.88) |
| Median (IQR) | 3.12 (3.12–3.18) | 3.12 (3.12–3.17) |
| Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Violations | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.85 (1.47) | 0.85 (1.48) |
| Median (IQR) | 1.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.99 (0.00–1.00) |
| Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.11 (0.32) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
| Environmental Effects Score | ||
| Mean (SD) | 24.68 (19.50) | 24.77 (19.33) |
| Median (IQR) | 20.15 (8.30–38.25) | 20.45 (8.30–38.25) |
| Cleanup Sites | ||
| Mean (SD) | 6.21 (13.05) | 6.32 (13.00) |
| Median (IQR) | 1.00 (0.00–8.00) | 1.15 (0.00–8.00) |
| Groundwater Threats | ||
| Mean (SD) | 15.23 (18.67) | 15.34 (18.78) |
| Median (IQR) | 9.56 (1.50–20.94) | 9.56 (1.50–21.00) |
| Hazardous Waste | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.36 (1.07) | 0.36 (1.10) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.05 (0.00–0.21) | 0.05 (0.00–0.21) |
| Imperial Water Bodies | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.47 (1.35) | 0.51 (1.36) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) |
| Solid Waste | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1.45 (2.76) | 1.40 (2.76) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) |
| Pollution Burden Score | ||
| Mean (SD) | 6.51 (1.04) | 6.43 (1.07) |
| Median (IQR) | 6.33 (5.83–7.12) | 6.24 (5.79–7.09) |