Table 4.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio of preterm birth across quintiles of CalEnviroScreen indicators and scores in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)
| Type of Preterm Birth | < 37 weeks (N = 4560) | ≥37 weeks (N = 49,283) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental exposure | N (%) | N (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aORa (95% CI) |
| Exposures Score | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 17 (0.4) | 380 (0.8) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 74 (1.6) | 863 (1.8) | 1.84 (1.09, 3.12) | 1.73 (1.01, 2.97) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 151 (3.3) | 1834 (3.7) | 1.78 (1.08, 2.93) | 1.85 (1.12, 3.06) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 673 (14.8) | 8666 (17.6) | 1.68 (1.04, 2.72) | 1.64 (1.01, 2.65) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 3633 (79.7) | 37,428 (76.0) | 2.07 (1.28, 3.33) | 2.00 (1.25, 3.23) |
| Ozone | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | † | † | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | 66 (0.1) | NC | NC |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 178 (3.9) | 2100 (4.3) | NC | NC |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 631 (13.8) | 6659 (13.5) | NC | NC |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 3703 (81.2) | 39,729 (80.6) | NC | NC |
| Pesticides | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1768 (38.8) | 19,587 (39.7) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 357 (7.8) | 3486 (7.1) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 284 (6.2) | 3082 (6.3) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 723 (15.9) | 7565 (15.4) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 1428 (31.3) | 15,563 (31.6) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.06) |
| PM2.5 | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 20 (0.4) | 315 (0.6) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | † | 4.19 (0.56, 31.20) | 4.02 (0.53, 30.23) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 38 (0.8) | 650 (1.3) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.59) | 0.89 (0.51, 1.56) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 37 (0.8) | 562 (1.1) | 1.03 (0.60, 1.78) | 1.07 (0.59, 1.94) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 4295 (94.2) | 45,804 (92.9) | 1.44 (0.93, 2.23) | 1.36 (0.88, 2.11) |
| Diesel Particulate Matter | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 701 (15.4) | 8391 (17.0) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 609 (13.4) | 6616 (13.4) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.27) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 566 (12.4) | 6582 (13.4) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 738 (16.2) | 7690 (15.6) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.26) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.33) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 1946 (52.7) | 20,004 (40.6) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.06, 1.26) |
| Toxic Release | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 166 (3.6) | 1915 (3.9) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 466 (10.2) | 6073 (12.3) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 2256 (49.5) | 25,163 (51.1) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 1049 (23.0) | 10,059 (20.4) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.39) | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 623 (13.7) | 6073 (12.3) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.37) |
| Traffic | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1668 (36.6) | 18,996 (38.5) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 962 (21.1) | 10,572 (21.5) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 982 (21.5) | 10,003 (20.3) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 923 (20.2) | 9423 (19.1) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 25 (0.6) | 289 (0.6) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.46) | 0.99 (0.67, 1.47) |
| Drinking Water | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 29 (0.6) | 527 (1.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | † | NC | NC |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 382 (8.4) | 4570 (9.3) | 1.48 (1.01, 2.16) | 1.50 (1.02, 2.19) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 2800 (61.4) | 29,397 (59.7) | 1.67 (1.16, 2.40) | 1.67 (1.16, 2.41) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 1337 (29.3) | 14,677 (29.8) | 1.60 (1.11, 2.31) | 1.67 (1.15, 2.41) |
| Arsenic | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 35 (0.8) | 397 (0.8) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 190 (4.2) | 2323 (4.7) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 3288 (72.1) | 34,615 (70.2) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.49) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 455 (10.0) | 5526 (11.2) | 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.31) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 580 (12.7) | 6310 (12.8) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.46) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) |
| Cadmium | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 4336 (95.1) | 46,850 (95.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | 89 (0.2) | 0.86 (0.41, 1.81) | 0.86 (0.41, 1.82) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | † | † | NC | NC |
| 60 – 79th percentile | † | † | 0.79 (0.11, 5.59) | 0.69 (0.10, 4.90) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 216 (4.7) | 2330 (4.7) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) |
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | † | † | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | † | NC | NC |
| 40 – 59th percentile | † | † | NC | NC |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 216 (4.7) | 2314 (4.7) | NC | NC |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 4303 (94.4) | 46,330 (94.0) | NC | NC |
| Hexavalent chromium | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 2731 (59.9) | 28,808 (58.5) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 162 (3.6) | 1799 (3.7) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 671 (14.7) | 7035 (14.3) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 426 (9.3) | 5077 (10.3) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.99) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 219 (4.8) | 2151 (4.4) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.22) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) |
| Lead | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 2781 (61.0) | 29,538 (59.9) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 51 (1.1) | 544 (1.1) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 71 (1.6) | 869 (1.8) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 772 (16.9) | 8534 (17.3) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 873 (19.1) | 9686 (19.7) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Nitrate | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 123 (2.7) | 1232 (2.5) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 62 (1.4) | 807 (1.6) | 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 56 (1.2) | 969 (2.0) | 0.60 (0.44, 0.83) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.81) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 250 (5.5) | 2570 (5.2) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.27) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 4057 (89.0) | 43,593 (88.5) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) |
| Perchlorate | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 3928 (86.1) | 42,060 (85.3) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 23 (0.5) | 305 (0.6) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.24) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.33) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 90 (2.0) | 1001 (2.0) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.19) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.23) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 164 (3.6) | 1902 (3.9) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 355 (7.8) | 4015 (8.2) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) |
| Trichloroethylene (TCE) | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1244 (27.3) | 13,123 (28.7) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | 100 (0.2) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.97) | 0.27 (0.07, 1.07) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 24 (0.5) | 388 (0.8) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.08) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.14) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 1144 (25.1) | 12,506 (25.4) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 2134 (46.8) | 22,054 (44.8) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) |
| Trihalomethane (THM) | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 4041 (88.6) | 42,863 (87.0) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 182 (4.0) | 2235 (4.5) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 270 (5.9) | 3131 (6.4) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | † | 112 (0.2) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.98) | 1.37 (0.78, 2.43) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 55 (1.2) | 937 (1.9) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) | 0.62 (0.47, 0.81) |
| Uranium | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 29 (0.6) | 527 (1.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 310 (6.8) | 3787 (7.7) | 1.45 (0.99, 2.12) | 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 118 (2.6) | 1614 (3.3) | 1.31 (0.87, 1.96) | 1.27 (0.85, 1.92) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 291 (6.4) | 3061 (6.2) | 1.66 (1.14, 2.44) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.55) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 3668 (80.4) | 38,646 (78.4) | 1.66 (1.15, 2.40) | 1.68 (1.17, 2.43) |
| Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)Violations | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1028 (22.5) | 11,257 (22.8) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | † | 65 (0.1) | 0.18 (0.03, 1.29) | 1.20 (0.03, 1.41) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | † | 93 (0.2) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.16) | 0.40 (0.13, 1.25) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 43 (0.9) | 634 (1.3) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.74 (0.54, 1.00) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 3473 (76.2) | 37,122 (75.3) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 3118 (68.4) | 33,671 (68.3) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 113 (2.5) | 1250 (2.5) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 95 (2.1) | 953 (1.9) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 106 (2.3) | 1267 (2.6) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.13) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 1128 (24.7) | 12,142 (24.6) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) |
| Environmental Effects Score | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1725 (37.8) | 18,282 (37.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 946 (20.8) | 10,256 (20.8) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 556 (12.2) | 6282 (12.8) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 837 (18.4) | 9273 (18.8) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 496 (10.9) | 5190 (10.5) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) |
| Cleanup Sites | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 2512 (55.1) | 26,770 (54.3) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 537 (11.8) | 5832 (11.8) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 561 (12.3) | 6472 (13.1) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 486 (10.7) | 5066 (10.3) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 464 (10.2) | 5143 (10.4) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
| Groundwater Threats | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 1772 (38.9) | 19,140 (38.8) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 683 (15.0) | 8462 (15.1) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 976 (21.4) | 10,124 (20.5) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 652 (14.3) | 7472 (15.2) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 477 (10.5) | 5085 (10.3) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) |
| Hazardous Waste | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 2274 (49.9) | 24,740 (50.2) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 709 (15.6) | 7424 (15.1) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 658 (14.4) | 7179 (14.6) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 446 (9.8) | 5020 (10.2) | 0.97 (0.8, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 473 (10.4) | 4920 (10.0) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) |
| Imperial Water Bodies | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 4031 (88.4) | 42,996 (87.2) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 286 (6.3) | 3410 (6.9) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 162 (3.6) | 2011 (4.1) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 38 (0.8) | 434 (0.9) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.29) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 43 (0.9) | 432 (0.9) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.43) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) |
| Solid Waste | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 2858 (62.7) | 31,070 (63.0) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 300 (6.6) | 3482 (7.1) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.01) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 351 (7.7) | 3939 (8.0) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 689 (15.1) | 7190 (14.6) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 362 (7.9) | 3602 (7.3) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) |
| Pollution Burden Score | ||||
| 0 – 19th percentile | 17 (0.4) | 380 (0.8) | Reference | Reference |
| 20 – 39th percentile | 64 (1.4) | 1025 (2.1) | 1.37 (0.80, 2.34) | 1.38 (0.79, 2.40) |
| 40 – 59th percentile | 399 (8.8) | 4929 (10.0) | 1.75 (1.07, 2.84) | 1.78 (1.09, 2.88) |
| 60 – 79th percentile | 1780 (39.0) | 18,838 (38.2) | 2.02 (1.25, 3.25) | 1.98 (1.23, 3.19) |
| 80 – 100th percentile | 2288 (50.2) | 23,989 (48.7) | 2.03 (1.26, 3.28) | 1.98 (1.23, 3.19) |
cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio
aAdjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, payment for delivery
†n < 16
NC not calculated (owing to lack of variability)