Table 6.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio of preterm birth comparing above versus below the median of environmental exposure stratified by race/ethnicity in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)
| Environmental Exposure | White non-Hispanic | Non-White*, Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 37 weeks | ≥37 weeks | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | < 37 weeks | ≥37 weeks | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | < 37 weeks | ≥37 weeks | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||||||
| Sample | 773 | 9847 | 1081 | 9840 | 2706 | 29,596 | ||||||
| Exposures Score | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 446 (57.7) | 5952 (60.4) | Reference | Reference | 363 (33.6) | 3676 (37.4) | Reference | Reference | 1287 (47.6) | 14,833 (50.1) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 327 (42.3) | 3895 (39.6) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.24) | 718 (66.4) | 6164 (62.6) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.22) | 1419 (52.4) | 14,763 (49.9) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) |
| Ozone | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 298 (38.6) | 3527 (35.8) | Reference | Reference | 467 (43.2) | 4402 (44.7) | Reference | Reference | 1493 (55.2) | 15,886 (53.7) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 466 (60.3) | 6149 (62.5) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 611 (56.5) | 5377 (54.6) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | 1192 (44.1) | 13,325 (45.0) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) |
| Pesticides | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 456 (59.0) | 5849 (59.4) | Reference | Reference | 680 (62.9) | 6035 (61.3) | Reference | Reference | 1127 (41.7) | 12,679 (42.8) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 317 (41.0) | 3998 (40.6) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 401 (37.1) | 3805 (38.7) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.08) | 1579 (58.4) | 16,917 (57.2) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| PM2.5 | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 526 (68.1) | 7053 (71.6) | Reference | Reference | 502 (46.4) | 4926 (50.1) | Reference | Reference | 989 (36.6) | 11,714 (39.6) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 237 (30.7) | 2658 (27.0) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.33) | 558 (51.6) | 4627 (47.0) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 1591 (58.8) | 16,493 (55.7) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) |
| Diesel PM | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 391 (50.6) | 5351 (54.3) | Reference | Reference | 363 (33.6) | 3891 (39.5) | Reference | Reference | 1393 (51.5) | 15,511 (52.4) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 382 (49.4) | 4496 (45.7) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 718 (66.4) | 5949 (60.5) | 1.26 (1.11, 1.43) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1313 (48.5) | 14,085 (47.6) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) |
| Toxic Release | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 505 (65.3) | 6961 (70.7) | Reference | Reference | 381 (35.3) | 4085 (41.5) | Reference | Reference | 1164 (43.0) | 13,451 (45.5) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 268 (34.7) | 2886 (29.3) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.46) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 700 (64.8) | 5755 (58.5) | 1.27 (1.12, 1.44) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33) | 1542 (57.0) | 16,145 (54.6) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) |
| Traffic | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 402 (52.0) | 5334 (54.2) | Reference | Reference | 378 (35.0) | 3960 (40.2) | Reference | Reference | 1432 (52.9) | 15,513 (52.4) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 371 (48.0) | 4513 (45.8) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 703 (65.0) | 5880 (59.8) | 1.23 (1.08, 1.39) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 1274 (47.1) | 14,083 (47.60 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) |
| Drinking Water | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 158 (20.4) | 1953 (19.8) | Reference | Reference | 98 (9.1) | 980 (10.0) | Reference | Reference | 289 (10.7) | 3643 (12.3) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 615 (79.6) | 7894 (80.2) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 983 (90.9) | 8860 (90.0) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.35) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 2417 (89.3) | 25,953 (87.7) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) |
| Arsenic | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 225 (29.1) | 2843 (28.9) | Reference | Reference | 130 (12.0) | 1471 (15.0) | Reference | Reference | 372 (13.8) | 4383 (14.8) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 548 (70.9) | 7004 (71.3) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 951 (88.0) | 8369 (85.1) | 1.26 (1.05, 1.51) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) | 2334 (86.3) | 25,213 (85.2) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) |
| Cadmium | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 249 (32.2) | 3094 (31.4) | Reference | Reference | 313 (39.0) | 2891 (29.4) | Reference | Reference | 1021 (37.7) | 11,039 (37.3) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 518 (67.0) | 6640 (67.4) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 766 (70.9) | 6909 (70.2) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 1664 (61.5) | 18,183 (61.4) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Hexavalent Chromium | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Lead | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Nitrate | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 444 (57.4) | 5792 (58.8) | Reference | Reference | 430 (39.8) | 4435 (45.1) | Reference | Reference | 1371 (50.7) | 14,513 (49.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 329 (42.6) | 4055 (41.2) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) | 651 (60.2) | 5405 (54.9) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.27) | 1335 (49.3) | 15,083 (51.0) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) |
| Perchlorate | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Trichloroethylene (TCE) | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 434 (556.1) | 5472 (55.6) | Reference | Reference | 387 (35.8) | 3949 (40.1) | Reference | Reference | 1397 (51.6) | 15,300 (51.7) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 339 (43.9) | 4375 (44.4) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 694 (64.2) | 5891 (59.9) | 1.18 (1.04, 1.34) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 1309 (48.4) | 14,296 (48.3) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Trihalomethane (THM) | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 303 (39.2) | 3904 (39.7) | Reference | Reference | 389 (36.0) | 3591 (36.5) | Reference | Reference | 1312 (48.5) | 13,936 (47.1) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 470 (60.8) | 5943 (60.4) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 692 (64.0) | 6249 (63.5) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | 1394 (51.5) | 15,660 (52.9) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) |
| Uranium | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 121 (15.7) | 1781 (18.1) | Reference | Reference | 130 (12.0) | 1304 (13.3) | Reference | Reference | 530 (19.6) | 6251 (21.1) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 584 (75.6) | 7293 (74.1) | 1.17 (0.96, 1.42) | 1.17 (0.96, 1.42) | 931 (86.1) | 8222 (83.6) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 2132 (78.8) | 22,896 (77.4) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.21) |
| Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)Violations | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 451 (58.3) | 5704 (57.9) | Reference | Reference | 429 (39.7) | 4234 (43.0) | Reference | Reference | 1357 (50.2) | 14,637 (49.5) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 322 (41.7) | 4143 (42.1) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.11) | 652 (60.3) | 5606 (57.0) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1349 (49.9) | 14,959 (50.5) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) |
| Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Environmental Effects Score | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 444 (57.4) | 5779 (58.7) | Reference | Reference | 643 (59.5) | 5668 (57.6) | Reference | Reference | 1203 (44.5) | 13,007 (44.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 329 (42.6) | 4068 (41.3) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 438 (40.5) | 4172 (42.4) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 1503 (55.5) | 16,589 (56.1) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) |
| Cleanup Sites | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 404 (52.3) | 5228 (53.1) | Reference | Reference | 584 (54.1) | 5144 (52.3) | Reference | Reference | 1318 (48.7) | 14,232 (48.1) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 369 (47.7) | 4619 (46.9) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 496 (45.9) | 4696 (47.7) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 1388 (51.3) | 15,364 (51.9) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) |
| Groundwater Threats | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 440 (56.9) | 5861 (59.5) | Reference | Reference | 619 (57.3) | 5456 (55.5) | Reference | Reference | 1204 (44.5) | 13,290 (44.9) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 333 (43.1) | 3986 (40.5) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.26) | 462 (42.7) | 4384 (44.6) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 1502 (55.5) | 16,306 (55.1) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Hazardous Waste | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 437 (56.5) | 5951 (60.4) | Reference | Reference | 592 (54.8) | 5170 (52.5) | Reference | Reference | 1234 (45.6) | 13,504 (45.6) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 336 (43.5) | 3896 (39.6) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.34) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | 489 (45.2) | 4670 (47.5) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 1472 (54.4) | 16,092 (54.4) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.07) |
| Impaired Water Bodies | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Solid Waste | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 773 (100.0) | 9847 (100.0) | NC | NC | 1081 (100.0) | 9840 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2706 (100.0) | 29,596 (100.0) | NC | NC |
| Pollution Burden Score | ||||||||||||
| < 50th | 474 (61.3) | 6263 (63.6) | Reference | Reference | 515 (47.6) | 4827 (49.1) | Reference | Reference | 1218 (45.0) | 13,593 (45.9) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 50th | 299 (38.7) | 3584 (36.4) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 566 (52.4) | 5013 (51.0) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.12) | 1488 (55.0) | 16,003 (54.1) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
NC Not Calculated, cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio
*Asian, African-American, Other
†Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, payment for delivery