Table 3.
Studies of no significant changes and negative group.
| Reference | study design | Tai Chi group | control group | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | after intervention | baseline | after intervention | ||||||
| Gloria Y Yeh, et al [31] |
RCT | exercise self-efficacy | 59.6 (30) | 66.6 (29) | 50.3 (24) | 53 (28) | P=0.18 | M (SD) | between groups |
| Gloria Y Yeh, et al [32] | RCT | COPD self-efficacy | 105 (87-149) | 135 (102-137) | 135 (129-143) | 137 (111-144) | P=0.20 | Median (range) | between groups |
| Rhayun Song, et al [25] | RCT | self-efficacy | 17.47 (4.03) | 18.12 (3.67) | 17.27 (2.45) | 17.20 (3.18) | P=0.55 | M (SD) | between groups |
| Arnaud Dechamps, et al [33] | RCT | general self- efficacy -week 10 |
27.6 (6.6) | 35.4 (3.5) | 29.3 (5.7) | 35.2 (6.4) | / | M (SD) | between groups |
| -week 30 | 27.6 (6.6) | 35 (2.4) | 29.3 (5.7) | 31.3 (4) | / | M (SD) | |||
| Lee, Eunhee [37] | pre-post study | self- efficacy-week 8 | 80.8 (14.2) | 81.2 (13.1) | 79.5 (20.6) | 79.9 (14.9) | P=0.487 | M (SD) | between groups |
| self-efficacy-week 16 | 80.8 (14.2) | 85.5 (13.6) | 79.5 (20.6) | 81.9 (16.5) | |||||
| Ting Rao, [39] | RCT | general self- efficacy | 2.55 (0.43) | 2.59 (0.46) | 2.47 (0.39) | 2.54 (0.46) | P>0.05 | M (SD) | between groups |
| Guohua Zheng, etal [38] | RCT | self-efficacy | 2.56 (0.43) | 2.59 (0.44) | 2.47 (0.39) | 2.54 (0.45) | P>0.05 | M (SD) | between groups |
| Chenchen Wang, et al [24] | RCT | arthritis self- efficacy-week 12 | 1.20 (1.09-1.32) | 1.14 (1.03-1.26) | P=0.73 | M (95%CI) change from baseline | between groups | ||
| -week 24 | 1.12 (1.02-1.24) | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | |||||||
| -week 52 | 1.14 (1.04-1.25) | 1.13 (1.03-1.24) | |||||||
| Chwan Li Shen, et al [26] | pre-post study | self-efficacy-pain | 60.3 (37.4) | 67.3 (22.5) | P=0.291 | M (SD) | within groups | ||
| self-efficacy-function | 67.3 (40.1) | 76.1 (21.7) | P=0.619 | ||||||
| self-efficacy-other symptoms | 63.1 (37.3) | 70.5 (20.3) | P=0.714 | ||||||
| Busing,J Kyle [45] | NRS | fall self-efficacy | 12.45 (3.88) | / | 12.60 (4.42) | / | P>0.98 | M (SD) | within groups |
| Karen Caldwell, et al [41] | quasi- experiment |
general self-efficacy | 20.76 (3.39) | / | 19.56 (2.96) | / | / | M (SD) | between groups |
| Leigh F. Callahan, et al (2016) [25] | RCT | arthritis self-efficacy-pain -week 8 |
7.35 (1.55) | 7.48 (2.08) | 6.99 (1.90) | 7.05 (1.92) | / | M(SD) | between groups |
| arthritis self-efficacy-other symptoms -week 8 |
7.42 (1.72) | 7.60 (2.30) | 7.23 (1.96) | 7.09 (1.92) | / | M(SD) | between groups | ||
| arthritis self-efficacy-pain -week 8 to 1 Year |
-0.38 (-0.61, -0.14) | / | P<0.01 | Mean Change (95% CI) | within groups | ||||
| arthritis self-efficacy-other symptoms -week 8 to 1 Year |
-0.39 (-0.67, -0.12) | / | P<0.01 | Mean Change (95% CI) | within groups | ||||
M=mean; SD=standard deviation; 95%CI=95% confidence interval.