Table 1.
Cardiac intracellular transfer of microRNAs through extracellular vesicles.
| miRNA | Secretory Cells | Recipient Cells | Function | Ev Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1 | Serum | N/A | Biomarker | exosomes | [101] [103] |
| miR-1 | HL-1 | N/A | Biomarker | exosomes | [103] |
| miR-17 | N/A | N/A | Suppress monocyte differentiation | N/A | [91]] |
| miR-19a | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | Inhibit CM apoptosis, cardiac protection | exosomes | [77] |
| miR-20a | N/A | N/A | suppress monocyte differentiation, induce cardiac hypertrophy | N/A | [91] |
| miR-21* | Fibroblasts | Cardiomyocytes | induce cardiac hypertrophy | exosomes | [51] |
| miR-21 | Immature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response, differentiation hematopoietic cells | microvesicles | [81] [82] |
| miR-21 | Induced pluripotent stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis | exosomes | [71] |
| miR-22 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis | exosomes | [73] |
| miR-22 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Cardiac stem cells | cardiac protection | exosomes | [73] [76] |
| miR-23 | N/A | N/A | cardiac development | exosomes | [109] |
| miR-24 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | cardiac remodeling post-MI | exosomes | [74] |
| miR-24 | Plasma | Cardiomyocytes | reduce apoptosis, reduce scar formation | exosomes | [99] |
| miR-27, miR-28 | Fibroblasts | Cardiomyocytes | upregulate cardiac stress genes | exosomes | [52] |
| miR-29b | Cardiomyocytes | N/A | reduce cardiac fibrosis | exosomes | [29] |
| miR-29 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | cardiac remodeling post-MI | exosomes | [74] |
| miR-30 | N/A | N/A | cardiac development | exosomes | [109] |
| miR-34 | Fibroblasts | Cardiomyocytes | upregulate cardiac stress genes | exosomes | [52] |
| miR-34 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | Induce fibrosis, inflammation | exosomes | [74] |
| miR-34a | Serum | N/A | biomarker | exosomes | [100] |
| miR-34a | Immature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | microvesicles | [81] [82] |
| miR-99 | N/A | N/A | cardiac development | exosomes | [109] |
| miR-106 | N/A | N/A | suppress monocyte differentiation, induce cardiac hypertrophy | N/A | [91] |
| miR-125b-5p | Mature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | microvesicles | [81] [[83], [84], [85]] |
| miR-126 | Endothelial cells | Endothelial cells | induce CXCL12 release | apoptotic bodies | [42] |
| miR-126 | Adipose-derived stem cells | N/A | cardiac protection | exosomes | [78] |
| miR-130 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | induce fibrosis, inflammation | exosomes | [74] |
| miR-132 | Pericytes | Endothelial cells | induce angiogenesis | N/A | [45] |
| miR-132 | Cardiac stem cells | Endothelial cells | cardiac protection, induce angiogenesis | exosomes | [35] |
| miR-132 | Cardiac progenitor cells | Cardiomyocytes | inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis | exosomes | [59] |
| miR-133a | HL-1 | N/A | biomarker | exosomes | [103] |
| miR-133a | Cardiac stem cells | N/A | cardiac protection | exosomes | [60] |
| miR-133 | Serum | N/A | biomarker | exosomes | [101] [103] [109] |
| miR-146a-3p | Cardiac stem cells | Endothelial cells | cardiac protection | exosomes | [35] [59] |
| miR-146a | Mature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | exosomes | [81]] [[85], [84], [83]] |
| miR-146a | Cardiosphere -derived cells | Cardiomyocytes | inhibit CM apoptosis and promote cardiomyocyte proliferation | exosomes | [63] |
| miR-143/145 | Endothelial cells | Smooth muscle cells | reduce atherosclerotic lesions | exosomes | [43] |
| miR-144/451 | Cardiac stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | cardiac protection in ischemia/reperfusion | exosomes | [61] |
| miR-144 | N/A | N/A | biomarker | microvesicles | [104] |
| miR-146 | Endothelial cells | Cardiomyocytes | increase capillary density, decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis | exosomes | [41] |
| miR-148 | Mature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | microvesicles | [81] [[83], [84], [85]] |
| miR-150 | blood cells/THP-1 | Endothelial cells | induce migration | microvesicles | [88] [89] |
| miR-155 | Inflammatory cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response, differentiation hematopoietic cells | microvesicles | [81] [86] [87] [90] |
| miR-155 | Macrophages | Fibroblasts | inhibit fibroblast proliferation, induce inflammatory response | exosomes | [95] |
| miR-181b | Cardiospheres | Macrophages | reduce infarct size | exosomes | [68] |
| miR-181b | Fibroblasts | N/A | cardiac protection | exosomes | [68] |
| miR-192 | Serum | N/A | biomarker | exosomes | [100] |
| miR-194 | Serum | N/A | biomarker | exosomes | [100] |
| miR-210 | Cardiac stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | cardiac protection | exosomes | [59] |
| miR-210 | Cardiac stem cells | Endothelial cells | induce angiogenesis | exosomes | [35] |
| miR-210 | Induced pluripotent stem cells | Cardiomyocytes | inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis | exosomes | [71] |
| miR-214 | Endothelial cells | Endothelial cells | induce angiogenesis | exosomes | [46] |
| miR-221 | Immature dendritic cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | microvesicles | [81] |
| miR-222 | Inflammatory cells | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | microvesicles | [81] [90] |
| miR-223 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | cardiac protection | Exosomes | [73] [76] |
| miR-223 | Macrophages | Monocytes, Endothelial cells, Epithelial cells, fibroblasts | differentiation monocytes and amplification of immune response; cardiac protectin, induce angiogenesis | microvesicles | [98] |
| miR-290, miR-291, miR-294, miR-295 | Embryonic stem cells | Cardiac progenitor cells | cardiac protection, induce cardiac progenitor cell survival | exosomes | [70] |
| miR-320 | Cardiomyocytes | Endothelial cells | impair angiogenesis | exosomes | [30] [31] [32] |
| miR-378 | Mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | induce fibrosis, inflammation | exosomes | [74] |
| miR-424 | N/A | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | N/A | [90] |
| miR-455 | Cardiomyocytes | N/A | inhibit fibrosis | exosomes | [29] |
| miR-503 | N/A | N/A | regulate inflammatory response | N/A | [90] |